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| Convolution Filters |

## Modules
| Parallel Processing

## Functions
template<... >
void | convolveFFT (...)
| Convolve an array with a kernel by means of the Fourier transform. More...
template<... >
void | convolveFFTComplex (...)
| Convolve a complex-valued array by means of the Fourier transform. More...
template<... >
void | convolveFFTComplexMany (...)
| Convolve a complex-valued array with a sequence of kernels by means of the Fourier transform. More...
template<... >
void | convolveFFTMany (...)
| Convolve a real-valued array with a sequence of kernels by means of the Fourier transform. More...
template<... >
void | convolveImage (...)
| Convolve an image with the given kernel(s). More...
template<... >
void | convolveImageWithMask (...)
| Deprecated name of 2-dimensional normalized convolution, i.e. convolution with a mask image. More...
template<... >
void | convolveMultiArrayOneDimension (...)
| Convolution along a single dimension of a multi-dimensional arrays. More...
template<... >
void | correlateFFT (...)
| Correlate an array with a kernel by means of the Fourier transform. More...
template<... >
void | gaussianDivergenceMultiArray (...)
| Calculate the divergence of a vector field using Gaussian derivative filters. More...
template<... >
void | gaussianGradient (...)
| Calculate the gradient vector by means of a 1st derivatives of Gaussian filter. More...
template<... >
void | gaussianGradientMagnitude (...)
| Calculate the gradient magnitude by means of a 1st derivatives of Gaussian filter. More...
template<... >
void | gaussianGradientMultiArray (...)
| Calculate Gaussian gradient of a multi-dimensional arrays. More...
template<... >
void | gaussianSharpening (...)
| Perform sharpening function with gaussian filter. More...
template<... >
void | gaussianSmoothing (...)
| Perform isotropic Gaussian convolution. More...
template<... >
void | gaussianSmoothMultiArray (...)
| Isotropic Gaussian smoothing of a multi-dimensional arrays. More...
template<... >
void | hessianMatrixOfGaussian (...)
| Filter image with the 2nd derivatives of the Gaussian at the given scale to get the Hessian matrix. More...
template<... >
void | hessianOfGaussianMultiArray (...)
| Calculate Hessian matrix of a N-dimensional arrays using Gaussian derivative filters. More...
template<... >
void | laplacianOfGaussian (...)
| Filter image with the Laplacian of Gaussian operator at the given scale. More...
template<... >
void | laplacianOfGaussianMultiArray (...)
| Calculate Laplacian of a N-dimensional arrays using Gaussian derivative filters. More...
template<... >
void | normalizedConvolveImage (...)
| Performs a 2-dimensional normalized convolution, i.e. convolution with a mask image. More...
template<... >
void | rieszTransformOfLOG (...)
| Calculate Riesz transforms of the Laplacian of Gaussian. More...
template<... >
void | separableConvolveMultiArray (...)
| Separated convolution on multi-dimensional arrays. More...
template<... >
void | simpleSharpening (...)
| Perform simple sharpening function. More...
template<... >
void | structureTensor (...)
| Calculate the Structure Tensor for each pixel of and image, using Gaussian (derivative) filters. More...
template<... >
void | structureTensorMultiArray (...)
| Calculate the structure tensor of a multi-dimensional arrays. More...
template<... >
void | symmetricGradientMultiArray (...)
| Calculate gradient of a multi-dimensional arrays using symmetric difference filters. More...

## Detailed Description

The functions in this group implement separable convolutions (e.g. smoothing and sharpening, Gaussian derivatives) and related filters (like the gradient magnitude) on arbitrary-dimensional arrays. In addition, non-separable filters are supported for 2D images. All functions accept the vigra::MultiArrayView API (which can be wrapped around a wide variety of data structures) as well as a number of deprecated APIs such as Image Iterators.

## Function Documentation

void vigra::rieszTransformOfLOG | ( |  | ... | ) |

Calculate Riesz transforms of the Laplacian of Gaussian.

The Riesz transforms of the Laplacian of Gaussian have the following transfer functions (defined in a polar coordinate representation of the frequency domain):

where n = `xorder` and m = `yorder` determine th e order of the transform, and `sigma > 0` is the scale of the Laplacian of Gaussian. This function computes a good spatial domain approximation of these transforms for `xorder + yorder <= 2`. The filter responses may be used to calculate the monogenic signal or the boundary tensor.

Declarations:

pass 2D array views:

namespace vigra {
template <class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
rieszTransformOfLOG(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<2, T2, S2> dest,
double scale, unsigned int xorder, unsigned int yorder);
}

show deprecated declarations

pass Image Iterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void rieszTransformOfLOG(SrcIterator supperleft, SrcIterator slowerright, SrcAccessor src,
DestIterator dupperleft, DestAccessor dest,
double scale, unsigned int xorder, unsigned int yorder);
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void rieszTransformOfLOG(triple<SrcIterator, SrcIterator, SrcAccessor> src,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> dest,
double scale, unsigned int xorder, unsigned int yorder);
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/boundarytensor.hxx>
Namespace: vigra

MultiArrayView<2, double> impulse(17,17), res(17, 17);
impulse(8,8) = 1.0;
// calculate the impulse response of the first order Riesz transform in x-direction
rieszTransformOfLOG(impulse, res, 2.0, 1, 0);

void vigra::convolveImage | ( |  | ... | ) |

Convolve an image with the given kernel(s).

If you pass vigra::Kernel2D to this function, it will perform an explicit 2-dimensional convolution. If you pass a single vigra::Kernel1D, it performs a separable convolution, i.e. it concatenates two 1D convolutions (along the x-axis and along the y-axis) with the same kernel via internal calls to separableConvolveX() and separableConvolveY(). If two 1D kernels are specified, separable convolution uses different kernels for the x- and y-axis.

All border treatment modes are supported.

The input pixel type `T1` must be a linear space over the kernel's value_type `T`, i.e. addition of source values, multiplication with kernel values, and NumericTraits must be defined. The kernel's value_type must be an algebraic field, i.e. the arithmetic operations (+, -, *, /) and NumericTraits must be defined. Typically, you will use `double` for the kernel type.

Declarations:

pass 2D array views:

namespace vigra {
// use the same 1D kernel for all axes
template <class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2,
class T>
void
convolveImage(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<2, T2, S2> dest,
Kernel1D<T> const & k);
// use a different kernel for each axis
template <class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2,
class T>
void
convolveImage(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<2, T2, S2> dest,
Kernel1D<T> const & kx, Kernel1D<T> const & ky);
// use a non-separable 2D kernel
template <class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2,
class T3>
void
convolveImage(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<2, T2, S2> dest,
Kernel2D<T3> const & kernel);
}

show deprecated declarations

pass Image Iterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
// use a different kernel for each axis
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor,
class T>
void convolveImage(SrcIterator supperleft,
SrcIterator slowerright, SrcAccessor sa,
DestIterator dupperleft, DestAccessor da,
Kernel1D<T> const & kx, Kernel1D<T> const & ky);
// use a non-separable 2D kernel
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor,
class KernelIterator, class KernelAccessor>
void convolveImage(SrcIterator src_ul, SrcIterator src_lr, SrcAccessor src_acc,
DestIterator dest_ul, DestAccessor dest_acc,
KernelIterator ki, KernelAccessor ak,
Diff2D kul, Diff2D klr, BorderTreatmentMode border);
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
// use a different kernel for each axis
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor,
class T>
void
convolveImage(triple<SrcIterator, SrcIterator, SrcAccessor> src,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> dest,
Kernel1D<T> const & kx, Kernel1D<T> const & ky);
// use a non-separable 2D kernel
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor,
class KernelIterator, class KernelAccessor>
void convolveImage(triple<SrcIterator, SrcIterator, SrcAccessor> src,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> dest,
tuple5<KernelIterator, KernelAccessor, Diff2D, Diff2D,
BorderTreatmentMode> kernel);
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/convolution.hxx>
Namespace: vigra

MultiArray<2, float> src(w,h), dest1(w,h), dest2(w,h);
...
// create horizontal sobel filter (symmetric difference in x-direction, smoothing in y direction)
Kernel1D<double> kx, ky;
kx.initSymmetricDifference();
ky.initBinomial(1);
// calls separable convolution with the two 1D kernels
convolveImage(src, dest1, kx, ky);
// create a 3x3 Laplacian filter
Kernel2D<double> laplace;
laplace.initExplicitly(Diff2D(-1,-1), Diff2D(1,1)) =
0.375, 0.25, 0.375,
0.25, -2.5, 0.25,
0.375, 0.25, 0.375;
// calls 2D convolution
convolveImage(src, dest2, laplace);

show deprecated examples

vigra::FImage src(w,h), dest(w,h);
...
// create horizontal sobel filter (symmetric difference in x-direction, smoothing in y direction)
Kernel1D<double> kx, ky;
kx.initSymmetricDifference();
ky.initBinomial(1);
// calls separable convolution with the two 1D kernels
vigra::convolveImage(srcImageRange(src), destImage(dest), kx, ky);
// create a 3x3 Laplacian filter
Kernel2D<double> laplace;
laplace.initExplicitly(Diff2D(-1,-1), Diff2D(1,1)) =
0.375, 0.25, 0.375,
0.25, -2.5, 0.25,
0.375, 0.25, 0.375;
// calls 2D convolution
vigra::convolveImage(srcImageRange(src), destImage(dest), kernel2d(laplace));

Preconditions:

The image must be larger than the kernel radius.

- For 1D kernels, `w > std::max(xkernel.right(), -xkernel.keft())` and `h > std::max(ykernel.right(), -ykernel.left())` are required.
- For 2D kernels, `w > std::max(kernel.lowerRight().x, -kernel.upperLeft().x)` and `h > std::max(kernel.lowerRight().y, -kernel.upperLeft().y)` are required.

If `BORDER_TREATMENT_CLIP` is requested: the sum of kernel elements must be != 0.

Examples:
  smooth_convolve.cxx.

void vigra::simpleSharpening | ( |  | ... | ) |

Perform simple sharpening function.

This function uses convolveImage() with the following 3x3 filter:

-sharpening_factor/16.0, -sharpening_factor/8.0, -sharpening_factor/16.0,
-sharpening_factor/8.0, 1.0+sharpening_factor*0.75, -sharpening_factor/8.0,
-sharpening_factor/16.0, -sharpening_factor/8.0, -sharpening_factor/16.0;

and uses `BORDER_TREATMENT_REFLECT` as border treatment mode.

Preconditions:

1. sharpening_factor >= 0
2. scale >= 0

Declarations:

pass 2D array views:

namespace vigra {
template <class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
simpleSharpening(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<2, T2, S2> dest,
double sharpening_factor);
}

show deprecated declarations

pass Image Iterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void simpleSharpening(SrcIterator src_ul, SrcIterator src_lr, SrcAccessor src_acc,
DestIterator dest_ul, DestAccessor dest_acc, double sharpening_factor);
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void simpleSharpening(triple<SrcIterator, SrcIterator, SrcAccessor> src,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> dest, double sharpening_factor);
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/convolution.hxx>
Namespace: vigra

MultiArray<2, float> src(w,h), dest(w,h);
...
// sharpening with sharpening_factor = 0.1
vigra::simpleSharpening(src, dest, 0.1);

show deprecated examples

vigra::FImage src(w,h), dest(w,h);
...
// sharpening with sharpening_factor = 0.1
vigra::simpleSharpening(srcImageRange(src), destImage(dest), 0.1);

void vigra::gaussianSharpening | ( |  | ... | ) |

Perform sharpening function with gaussian filter.

This function uses gaussianSmoothing() at the given scale to create a temporary image 'smooth' and than blends the original and smoothed image according to the formula

dest = (1 + sharpening_factor)*src - sharpening_factor*smooth

Preconditions:

1. sharpening_factor >= 0
2. scale >= 0

Declarations:

pass 2D array views:

namespace vigra {
template <class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianSharpening(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<2, T2, S2> dest,
double sharpening_factor,
double scale);
}

show deprecated declarations

pass Image Iterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void gaussianSharpening(SrcIterator src_ul, SrcIterator src_lr, SrcAccessor src_acc,
DestIterator dest_ul, DestAccessor dest_acc,
double sharpening_factor, double scale)
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void gaussianSharpening(triple<SrcIterator, SrcIterator, SrcAccessor> src,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> dest,
double sharpening_factor, double scale)
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/convolution.hxx>
Namespace: vigra

MultiArray<2, float> src(w,h), dest(w,h);
...
// sharpening with sharpening_factor = 3.0
// smoothing with scale = 0.5
gaussianSharpening(src, dest, 3.0, 0.5);

show deprecated examples

vigra::FImage src(w,h), dest(w,h);
...
// sharpening with sharpening_factor = 3.0
// smoothing with scale = 0.5
vigra::gaussianSharpening(srcImageRange(src), destImage(dest), 3.0, 0.5);

void vigra::gaussianSmoothing | ( |  | ... | ) |

Perform isotropic Gaussian convolution.

This function is a shorthand for the concatenation of a call to separableConvolveX() and separableConvolveY() with a Gaussian kernel of the given scale. If two scales are provided, smoothing in x and y direction will have different strength. The function uses `BORDER_TREATMENT_REFLECT`.

Function gaussianSmoothMultiArray() performs the same filter operation on arbitrary dimensional arrays.

Declarations:

pass 2D array views:

namespace vigra {
template <class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianSmoothing(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<2, T2, S2> dest,
double scale_x, double scale_y = scale_x);
}

show deprecated declarations

pass Image Iterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void gaussianSmoothing(SrcIterator supperleft,
SrcIterator slowerright, SrcAccessor sa,
DestIterator dupperleft, DestAccessor da,
double scale_x, double scale_y = scale_x);
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
gaussianSmoothing(triple<SrcIterator, SrcIterator, SrcAccessor> src,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> dest,
double scale_x, double scale_y = scale_x);
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/convolution.hxx>
Namespace: vigra

MultiArray<2, float> src(w,h), dest(w,h);
...
// smooth with scale = 3.0
gaussianSmoothing(src, dest, 3.0);

show deprecated examples

vigra::FImage src(w,h), dest(w,h);
...
// smooth with scale = 3.0
vigra::gaussianSmoothing(srcImageRange(src), destImage(dest), 3.0);

Examples:
  smooth.cxx.

void vigra::gaussianGradient | ( |  | ... | ) |

Calculate the gradient vector by means of a 1st derivatives of Gaussian filter.

This function is a shorthand for the concatenation of a call to separableConvolveX() and separableConvolveY() with the appropriate kernels at the given scale. Note that this function can either produce two separate result images for the x- and y-components of the gradient, or write into a vector valued image (with at least two components).

Function gaussianGradientMultiArray() performs the same filter operation on arbitrary dimensional arrays.

Declarations:

pass 2D array views:

namespace vigra {
// write x and y component of the gradient into separate images
template <class T1, class S1,
class T2X, class S2X,
class T2Y, class S2Y>
void
gaussianGradient(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<2, T2X, S2X> destx,
MultiArrayView<2, T2Y, S2Y> desty,
double scale);
// write x and y component of the gradient into a vector-valued image
template <class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianGradient(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<2, TinyVector<T2, 2>, S2> dest,
double scale);
}

show deprecated declarations

pass Image Iterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
// write x and y component of the gradient into separate images
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIteratorX, class DestAccessorX,
class DestIteratorY, class DestAccessorY>
void gaussianGradient(SrcIterator supperleft,
SrcIterator slowerright, SrcAccessor sa,
DestIteratorX dupperleftx, DestAccessorX dax,
DestIteratorY dupperlefty, DestAccessorY day,
double scale);
// write x and y component of the gradient into a vector-valued image
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void gaussianGradient(SrcIterator supperleft,
SrcIterator slowerright, SrcAccessor src,
DestIterator dupperleft, DestAccessor dest,
double scale);
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
// write x and y component of the gradient into separate images
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIteratorX, class DestAccessorX,
class DestIteratorY, class DestAccessorY>
void
gaussianGradient(triple<SrcIterator, SrcIterator, SrcAccessor> src,
pair<DestIteratorX, DestAccessorX> destx,
pair<DestIteratorY, DestAccessorY> desty,
double scale);
// write x and y component of the gradient into a vector-valued image
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
gaussianGradient(triple<SrcIterator, SrcIterator, SrcAccessor> src,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> dest,
double scale);
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/convolution.hxx>
Namespace: vigra

MultiArray<2, float> src(w,h), gradx(w,h), grady(w,h);
...
// calculate gradient vector at scale = 3.0
gaussianGradient(src, gradx, grady, 3.0);
// likewise, but use a vector image to store the gradient
MultiArray<2, TinyVector<float, 2> > dest(w,h);
gaussianGradient(src, dest, 3.0);

show deprecated examples

vigra::FImage src(w,h), gradx(w,h), grady(w,h);
...
// calculate gradient vector at scale = 3.0
vigra::gaussianGradient(srcImageRange(src),
destImage(gradx), destImage(grady), 3.0);

void vigra::gaussianGradientMagnitude | ( |  | ... | ) |

Calculate the gradient magnitude by means of a 1st derivatives of Gaussian filter.

This function calls gaussianGradient() and returns the pixel-wise magnitude of the resulting gradient vectors. If the original image has multiple bands, the squared gradient magnitude is computed for each band separately, and the return value is the square root of the sum of these squared magnitudes.

Anisotropic data should be provided with appropriate vigra::ConvolutionOptions to adjust the filter sizes for the resolution of each axis. Otherwise, the parameter `opt` is optional unless the parameter `sigma` is omitted.

If you pass vigra::BlockwiseConvolutionOptions instead, the algorithm will be executed in parallel on data blocks of a certain size. The block size can be customized via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::blockShape()`, but the defaults usually work reasonably. By default, the number of threads equals the capabilities of your hardware, but you can change this via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::numThreads()`.

Declarations:

use arbitrary-dimensional arrays:

namespace vigra {
// pass filter scale explicitly
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianGradientMagnitude(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> dest,
double sigma,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
// likewise, but sum the contributions of each band
template <unsigned int N, class MT, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianGradientMagnitude(MultiArrayView<N+1, Multiband<MT>, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> dest,
double sigma,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
// pass filter scale(s) in option object
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianGradientMagnitude(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> dest,
ConvolutionOptions<N> const & opt);
// likewise, but execute algorithm in parallel
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianGradientMagnitude(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> dest,
BlockwiseConvolutionOptions<N> const & opt);
// pass filter scale(s) in option object and sum the contributions of each band
template <unsigned int N, class MT, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianGradientMagnitude(MultiArrayView<N+1, Multiband<MT>, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> dest,
ConvolutionOptions<N> const & opt);
}

Here, the input element types `T1` and `MT` can be arbitrary scalar types, and `T1` may also be `TinyVector` or `RGBValue`. The output element type `T2` should be the corresponding norm type (see NormTraits). In the `Multiband<MT>`-version, the input array's right-most dimension is interpreted as a channel axis, therefore it must have one dimension more than the output array.

show deprecated declarations

pass Image Iterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void gaussianGradientMagnitude(SrcIterator sul,
SrcIterator slr, SrcAccessor src,
DestIterator dupperleft, DestAccessor dest,
double scale);
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
gaussianGradientMagnitude(triple<SrcIterator, SrcIterator, SrcAccessor> src,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> dest,
double scale);
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/multi_convolution.hxx> (sequential version)
#include <vigra/multi_blockwise.hxx> (parallel version)
#include <vigra/convolution.hxx> (deprecated API version)
Namespace: vigra

// example 1
{
// use a 3-dimensional float array
MultiArray<3, float> volume(Shape3(w, h, d)), grad(volume.shape());
...
// calculate gradient magnitude at scale = 3.0
gaussianGradientMagnitude(volume, grad, 3.0);
}
// example 2
{
// use a 2-dimensional RGB array
MultiArray<2, RGBValue<float> > rgb(Shape2(w, h));
MultiArray<2, float> grad(rgb.shape());
...
// calculate the color gradient magnitude at scale = 3.0
gaussianGradientMagnitude(rgb, grad, 3.0);
}
// example 3
{
// use a 3-dimensional array whose right-most axis is interpreted as
// a multi-spectral axis with arbitrary many channels
MultiArray<3, Multiband<float> > spectral(Shape3(w, h, channelCount));
MultiArray<2, float> grad(Shape2(w, h));
...
// calculate the multi-channel gradient magnitude at scale = 3.0
// (note that the template parameter N (number of spatial dimensions)
// must be provided explicitly as gaussianGradientMagnitude<2>(...) )
MultiArrayView<3, Multiband<float> > view(spectral);
gaussianGradientMagnitude<2>(view, grad, 3.0);
}

show deprecated examples

// use a traditional float or RGB image
FImage image(w, h), grad(w, h);
FRGBImage rgb(w, h);
...
// calculate gradient magnitude at scale = 3.0
gaussianGradientMagnitude(srcImageRange(image), destImage(grad), 3.0);
// calculate color gradient magnitude at scale = 3.0
gaussianGradientMagnitude(srcImageRange(rgb), destImage(grad), 3.0);

Examples:
  graph_agglomerative_clustering.cxx, and watershed.cxx.

void vigra::laplacianOfGaussian | ( |  | ... | ) |

Filter image with the Laplacian of Gaussian operator at the given scale.

This function calls separableConvolveX() and separableConvolveY() with the appropriate 2nd derivative of Gaussian kernels in x- and y-direction and then sums the results to get the Laplacian.

Function laplacianOfGaussianMultiArray() performs the same filter operation on arbitrary dimensional arrays.

Declarations:

pass 2D array views:

namespace vigra {
template <class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
laplacianOfGaussian(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<2, T2, S2> dest,
double scale);
}

show deprecated declarations

pass Image Iterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void laplacianOfGaussian(SrcIterator supperleft,
SrcIterator slowerright, SrcAccessor sa,
DestIterator dupperleft, DestAccessor da,
double scale);
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
laplacianOfGaussian(triple<SrcIterator, SrcIterator, SrcAccessor> src,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> dest,
double scale);
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/convolution.hxx>
Namespace: vigra

MultiArray<2, float> src(w,h), dest(w,h);
...
// calculate Laplacian of Gaussian at scale = 3.0
laplacianOfGaussian(src, dest, 3.0);

show deprecated examples

vigra::FImage src(w,h), dest(w,h);
...
// calculate Laplacian of Gaussian at scale = 3.0
vigra::laplacianOfGaussian(srcImageRange(src), destImage(dest), 3.0);

void vigra::hessianMatrixOfGaussian | ( |  | ... | ) |

Filter image with the 2nd derivatives of the Gaussian at the given scale to get the Hessian matrix.

The Hessian matrix is a symmetric matrix defined as:

where denote 2nd derivatives of Gaussians at the given scale, and is the convolution symbol. This function calls separableConvolveX() and separableConvolveY() with the appropriate 2nd derivative of Gaussian kernels and puts the results in the three destination images. The first destination image will contain the second derivative in x-direction, the second one the mixed derivative, and the third one holds the derivative in y-direction.

Function hessianOfGaussianMultiArray() performs the same filter operation on arbitrary dimensional arrays.

Declarations:

pass 2D array views:

namespace vigra {
template <class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
hessianMatrixOfGaussian(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<2, TinyVector<T2, 3>, S2> dest,
double scale);
}

show deprecated declarations

pass Image Iterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIteratorX, class DestAccessorX,
class DestIteratorXY, class DestAccessorXY,
class DestIteratorY, class DestAccessorY>
void hessianMatrixOfGaussian(SrcIterator supperleft,
SrcIterator slowerright, SrcAccessor sa,
DestIteratorX dupperleftx, DestAccessorX dax,
DestIteratorXY dupperleftxy, DestAccessorXY daxy,
DestIteratorY dupperlefty, DestAccessorY day,
double scale);
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIteratorX, class DestAccessorX,
class DestIteratorXY, class DestAccessorXY,
class DestIteratorY, class DestAccessorY>
void
hessianMatrixOfGaussian(triple<SrcIterator, SrcIterator, SrcAccessor> src,
pair<DestIteratorX, DestAccessorX> destx,
pair<DestIteratorXY, DestAccessorXY> destxy,
pair<DestIteratorY, DestAccessorY> desty,
double scale);
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/convolution.hxx>
Namespace: vigra

MultiArray<2, float> src(w,h);
MultiArray<2, TinyVector<float, 3> > hessian(w,h); // will hold the three components of the Hessian
...
// calculate Hessian of Gaussian at scale = 3.0, use a 3-band output image
hessianMatrixOfGaussian(src, hessian, 3.0);

show deprecated examples

vigra::FImage src(w,h),
hxx(w,h), hxy(w,h), hyy(w,h); // use a separate image for each component of the Hessian
...
// calculate Hessian of Gaussian at scale = 3.0, use 3 single.band output images
vigra::hessianMatrixOfGaussian(srcImageRange(src),
destImage(hxx), destImage(hxy), destImage(hyy), 3.0);

void vigra::structureTensor | ( |  | ... | ) |

Calculate the Structure Tensor for each pixel of and image, using Gaussian (derivative) filters.

The Structure Tensor is is a smoothed version of the Euclidean product of the gradient vector with itself. I.e. it's a symmetric matrix defined as:

where denotes Gaussian smoothing at the outer scale, are the gradient components taken at the inner scale, is the convolution symbol, and etc. are pixelwise products of the 1st derivative images. This function calls separableConvolveX() and separableConvolveY() with the appropriate Gaussian kernels and puts the results in the three separate destination images (where the first one will contain , the second one , and the third one holds ), or into a single 3-band image (where the bands hold the result in the same order as above). The latter form is also applicable when the source image is a multi-band image (e.g. RGB). In this case, tensors are first computed for each band separately, and then summed up to get a single result tensor.

Function structureTensorMultiArray() performs the same filter operation on arbitrary dimensional arrays.

Declarations:

pass 2D array views:

namespace vigra {
// create three separate destination images
template <class T, class S,
class TX, class SX,
class TXY, class SXY,
class TY, class SY>
void
structureTensor(MultiArrayView<2, S, T> const & src,
MultiArrayView<2, TX, SX> destx,
MultiArrayView<2, TXY, SXY> destxy,
MultiArrayView<2, TY, SY> desty,
double inner_scale, double outer_scale);
// create a single 3-band destination image
template <class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
structureTensor(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<2, TinyVector<T2, 3>, S2> dest,
double inner_scale, double outer_scale);
}

show deprecated declarations

pass Image Iterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
// create three separate destination images
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIteratorX, class DestAccessorX,
class DestIteratorXY, class DestAccessorXY,
class DestIteratorY, class DestAccessorY>
void structureTensor(SrcIterator supperleft,
SrcIterator slowerright, SrcAccessor sa,
DestIteratorX dupperleftx, DestAccessorX dax,
DestIteratorXY dupperleftxy, DestAccessorXY daxy,
DestIteratorY dupperlefty, DestAccessorY day,
double inner_scale, double outer_scale);
// create a single 3-band destination image
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void structureTensor(SrcIterator supperleft,
SrcIterator slowerright, SrcAccessor sa,
DestIterator dupperleft, DestAccessor da,
double inner_scale, double outer_scale);
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
// create three separate destination images
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIteratorX, class DestAccessorX,
class DestIteratorXY, class DestAccessorXY,
class DestIteratorY, class DestAccessorY>
void
structureTensor(triple<SrcIterator, SrcIterator, SrcAccessor> src,
pair<DestIteratorX, DestAccessorX> destx,
pair<DestIteratorXY, DestAccessorXY> destxy,
pair<DestIteratorY, DestAccessorY> desty,
double nner_scale, double outer_scale);
// create a single 3-band destination image
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
structureTensor(triple<SrcIterator, SrcIterator, SrcAccessor> src,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> dest,
double nner_scale, double outer_scale);
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/convolution.hxx>
Namespace: vigra

MultiArray<2, flost> src(w,h),
stxx(w,h), stxy(w,h), styy(w,h); // use a separate image for each component
...
// calculate Structure Tensor at inner scale = 1.0 and outer scale = 3.0
structureTensor(src, stxx, stxy, styy, 1.0, 3.0);
// likwise with a single 3-band destination image
MultiArray<2, TinyVector<float, 3> > st(w,h);
structureTensor(src, st, 1.0, 3.0);

show deprecated examples

vigra::FImage src(w,h),
stxx(w,h), stxy(w,h), styy(w,h);
vigra::BasicImage<TinyVector<float, 3> > st(w,h);
...
vigra::structureTensor(srcImageRange(src),
destImage(stxx), destImage(stxy), destImage(styy), 1.0, 3.0);
vigra::structureTensor(srcImageRange(src), destImage(st), 1.0, 3.0);

void vigra::separableConvolveMultiArray | ( |  | ... | ) |

Separated convolution on multi-dimensional arrays.

This function computes a separated convolution on all dimensions of the given multi-dimensional array. Both source and destination arrays are represented by iterators, shape objects and accessors. The destination array is required to already have the correct size.

There are two variants of this functions: one takes a single kernel of type vigra::Kernel1D which is then applied to all dimensions, whereas the other requires an iterator referencing a sequence of vigra::Kernel1D objects, one for every dimension of the data. Then the first kernel in this sequence is applied to the innermost dimension (e.g. the x-axis of an image), while the last is applied to the outermost dimension (e.g. the z-axis in a 3D image).

This function may work in-place, which means that `source.data() == dest.data()` is allowed. A full-sized internal array is only allocated if working on the destination array directly would cause round-off errors (i.e. if `typeid(typename NumericTraits<T2>::RealPromote) != typeid(T2)`).

If `start` and `stop` have non-default values, they must represent a valid subarray of the input array. The convolution is then restricted to that subarray, and it is assumed that the output array only refers to the subarray (i.e. `dest.shape() == stop - start`). Negative ROI boundaries are interpreted relative to the end of the respective dimension (i.e. `if(stop[k] < 0) stop[k] += source.shape(k);`).

Declarations:

pass arbitrary-dimensional array views:

namespace vigra {
// apply each kernel from the sequence 'kernels' in turn
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2,
class KernelIterator>
void
separableConvolveMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> dest,
KernelIterator kernels,
typename MultiArrayShape<N>::type start = typename MultiArrayShape<N>::type(),
typename MultiArrayShape<N>::type stop = typename MultiArrayShape<N>::type());
// apply the same kernel to all dimensions
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2,
class T>
void
separableConvolveMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> dest,
Kernel1D<T> const & kernel,
typename MultiArrayShape<N>::type const & start = typename MultiArrayShape<N>::type(),
typename MultiArrayShape<N>::type const & stop = typename MultiArrayShape<N>::type());
}

show deprecated declarations

pass MultiIterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
// apply the same kernel to all dimensions
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor, class T>
void
separableConvolveMultiArray(SrcIterator siter, SrcShape const & shape, SrcAccessor src,
DestIterator diter, DestAccessor dest,
Kernel1D<T> const & kernel,
SrcShape const & start = SrcShape(),
SrcShape const & stop = SrcShape());
// apply each kernel from the sequence 'kernels' in turn
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor, class KernelIterator>
void
separableConvolveMultiArray(SrcIterator siter, SrcShape const & shape, SrcAccessor src,
DestIterator diter, DestAccessor dest,
KernelIterator kernels,
SrcShape const & start = SrcShape(),
SrcShape const & stop = SrcShape());
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
// apply the same kernel to all dimensions
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor, class T>
void
separableConvolveMultiArray(triple<SrcIterator, SrcShape, SrcAccessor> const & source,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> const & dest,
Kernel1D<T> const & kernel,
SrcShape const & start = SrcShape(),
SrcShape const & stop = SrcShape());
// apply each kernel from the sequence 'kernels' in turn
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor, class KernelIterator>
void
separableConvolveMultiArray(triple<SrcIterator, SrcShape, SrcAccessor> const & source,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> const & dest,
KernelIterator kernels,
SrcShape const & start = SrcShape(),
SrcShape const & stop = SrcShape());
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/multi_convolution.hxx>
Namespace: vigra

Shape3 shape(width, height, depth);
MultiArray<3, unsigned char> source(shape);
MultiArray<3, float> dest(shape);
...
Kernel1D<float> gauss;
gauss.initGaussian(sigma);
// smooth all dimensions with the same kernel
separableConvolveMultiArray(source, dest, gauss);
// create 3 Gauss kernels, one for each dimension, but smooth the z-axis less
ArrayVector<Kernel1D<float> > kernels(3, gauss);
kernels[2].initGaussian(sigma / 2.0);
// perform Gaussian smoothing on all dimensions
separableConvolveMultiArray(source, dest, kernels.begin());
// create output array for a ROI
MultiArray<3, float> destROI(shape - Shape3(10,10,10));
// only smooth the given ROI (ignore 5 pixels on all sides of the array)
separableConvolveMultiArray(source, destROI, gauss, Shape3(5,5,5), Shape3(-5,-5,-5));

show deprecated examples

MultiArray<3, unsigned char>::size_type shape(width, height, depth);
MultiArray<3, unsigned char> source(shape);
MultiArray<3, float> dest(shape);
...
Kernel1D<float> gauss;
gauss.initGaussian(sigma);
// create 3 Gauss kernels, one for each dimension
ArrayVector<Kernel1D<float> > kernels(3, gauss);
// perform Gaussian smoothing on all dimensions
separableConvolveMultiArray(source, dest,
kernels.begin());

Required Interface:

see \ref separableConvolveImage(), in addition:
NumericTraits<T1>::RealPromote s = src[0];
s = s + s;
s = kernel(0) * s;

See Also
  vigra::Kernel1D, convolveLine()

void vigra::convolveMultiArrayOneDimension | ( |  | ... | ) |

Convolution along a single dimension of a multi-dimensional arrays.

This function computes a convolution along one dimension (specified by the parameter `dim` of the given multi-dimensional array with the given `kernel`. The destination array must already have the correct size.

If `start` and `stop` have non-default values, they must represent a valid subarray of the input array. The convolution is then restricted to that subarray, and it is assumed that the output array only refers to the subarray (i.e. `dest.shape() == stop - start`). Negative ROI boundaries are interpreted relative to the end of the respective dimension (i.e. `if(stop[k] < 0) stop[k] += source.shape(k);`).

This function may work in-place, which means that `source.data() == dest.data()` is allowed.

Declarations:

pass arbitrary-dimensional array views:

namespace vigra {
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2,
class T>
void
convolveMultiArrayOneDimension(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> dest,
unsigned int dim,
Kernel1D<T> const & kernel,
typename MultiArrayShape<N>::type start = typename MultiArrayShape<N>::type(),
typename MultiArrayShape<N>::type stop = typename MultiArrayShape<N>::type());
}

show deprecated declarations

pass MultiIterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor, class T>
void
convolveMultiArrayOneDimension(SrcIterator siter, SrcShape const & shape, SrcAccessor src,
DestIterator diter, DestAccessor dest,
unsigned int dim, vigra::Kernel1D<T> const & kernel,
SrcShape const & start = SrcShape(),
SrcShape const & stop = SrcShape());
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor, class T>
void
convolveMultiArrayOneDimension(triple<SrcIterator, SrcShape, SrcAccessor> const & source,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> const & dest,
unsigned int dim, vigra::Kernel1D<T> const & kernel,
SrcShape const & start = SrcShape(),
SrcShape const & stop = SrcShape());
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/multi_convolution.hxx>
Namespace: vigra

Shape3 shape(width, height, depth);
MultiArray<3, unsigned char> source(shape);
MultiArray<3, float> dest(shape);
...
Kernel1D<float> gauss;
gauss.initGaussian(sigma);
// perform Gaussian smoothing along dimension 1 (height)
convolveMultiArrayOneDimension(source, dest, 1, gauss);

See Also
  separableConvolveMultiArray()

void vigra::gaussianSmoothMultiArray | ( |  | ... | ) |

Isotropic Gaussian smoothing of a multi-dimensional arrays.

This function computes an isotropic convolution of the given N-dimensional array with a Gaussian filter at the given standard deviation `sigma`. Both source and destination arrays are represented by iterators, shape objects and accessors. The destination array is required to already have the correct size. This function may work in-place, which means that `source.data() == dest.data()` is allowed. It is implemented by a call to separableConvolveMultiArray() with the appropriate kernel.

Anisotropic data should be provided with appropriate vigra::ConvolutionOptions to adjust the filter sizes for the resolution of each axis. Otherwise, the parameter `opt` is optional unless the parameter `sigma` is omitted.

If you pass vigra::BlockwiseConvolutionOptions instead, the algorithm will be executed in parallel on data blocks of a certain size. The block size can be customized via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::blockShape()`, but the defaults usually work reasonably. By default, the number of threads equals the capabilities of your hardware, but you can change this via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::numThreads()`.

Declarations:

pass arbitrary-dimensional array views:

namespace vigra {
// pass filter scale explicitly
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianSmoothMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> dest,
double sigma,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
// pass filer scale(s) in the option object
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianSmoothMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> dest,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt);
// as above, but execute algorithm in parallel
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianSmoothMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> dest,
BlockwiseConvolutionOptions<N> opt);
}

show deprecated declarations

pass MultiIterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
gaussianSmoothMultiArray(SrcIterator siter, SrcShape const & shape, SrcAccessor src,
DestIterator diter, DestAccessor dest,
double sigma,
const ConvolutionOptions<N> & opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
gaussianSmoothMultiArray(triple<SrcIterator, SrcShape, SrcAccessor> const & source,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> const & dest,
double sigma,
const ConvolutionOptions<N> & opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/multi_convolution.hxx> (sequential version)
#include <vigra/multi_blockwise.hxx> (parallel version)
Namespace: vigra

Shape3 shape(width, height, depth);
MultiArray<3, unsigned char> source(shape);
MultiArray<3, float> dest(shape);
...
// perform isotropic Gaussian smoothing at scale 'sigma'
gaussianSmoothMultiArray(source, dest, sigma);

Multi-threaded execution:

Shape3 shape(width, height, depth);
MultiArray<3, unsigned char> source(shape);
MultiArray<3, float> dest(shape);
...
BlockwiseConvolutionOptions<3> opt;
opt.numThreads(4); // use 4 threads (uses hardware default if not given)
opt.innerScale(sigma);
// perform isotropic Gaussian smoothing at scale 'sigma' in parallel
gaussianSmoothMultiArray(source, dest, sigma, opt);

Usage with anisotropic data:

Shape3 shape(width, height, depth);
MultiArray<3, unsigned char> source(shape);
MultiArray<3, float> dest(shape);
TinyVector<float, 3> step_size;
TinyVector<float, 3> resolution_sigmas;
...
// perform anisotropic Gaussian smoothing at scale 'sigma'
gaussianSmoothMultiArray(source, dest, sigma,
ConvolutionOptions<3>().stepSize(step_size).resolutionStdDev(resolution_sigmas));

See Also
  separableConvolveMultiArray()

void vigra::gaussianGradientMultiArray | ( |  | ... | ) |

Calculate Gaussian gradient of a multi-dimensional arrays.

This function computes the Gaussian gradient of the given N-dimensional array with a sequence of first-derivative-of-Gaussian filters at the given standard deviation `sigma` (differentiation is applied to each dimension in turn, starting with the innermost dimension). The destination array is required to have a vector valued pixel type with as many elements as the number of dimensions. This function is implemented by calls to separableConvolveMultiArray() with the appropriate kernels.

Anisotropic data should be provided with appropriate vigra::ConvolutionOptions to adjust the filter sizes for the resolution of each axis. Otherwise, the parameter `opt` is optional unless the parameter `sigma` is omitted.

If you pass vigra::BlockwiseConvolutionOptions instead, the algorithm will be executed in parallel on data blocks of a certain size. The block size can be customized via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::blockShape()`, but the defaults usually work reasonably. By default, the number of threads equals the capabilities of your hardware, but you can change this via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::numThreads()`.

Declarations:

pass arbitrary-dimensional array views:

namespace vigra {
// pass filter scale explicitly
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianGradientMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, TinyVector<T2, N>, S2> dest,
double sigma,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
// pass filter scale(s) in option object
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianGradientMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, TinyVector<T2, N>, S2> dest,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt);
// likewise, but execute algorithm in parallel
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianGradientMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, TinyVector<T2, N>, S2> dest,
BlockwiseConvolutionOptions<N> opt);
}

show deprecated declarations

pass MultiIterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
gaussianGradientMultiArray(SrcIterator siter, SrcShape const & shape, SrcAccessor src,
DestIterator diter, DestAccessor dest,
double sigma,
const ConvolutionOptions<N> & opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
gaussianGradientMultiArray(triple<SrcIterator, SrcShape, SrcAccessor> const & source,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> const & dest,
double sigma,
const ConvolutionOptions<N> & opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/multi_convolution.hxx> (sequential version)
#include <vigra/multi_blockwise.hxx> (parallel version)
Namespace: vigra

Shape3 shape(width, height, depth);
MultiArray<3, unsigned char> source(shape);
MultiArray<3, TinyVector<float, 3> > dest(shape);
...
// compute Gaussian gradient at scale sigma
gaussianGradientMultiArray(source, dest, sigma);

Usage with anisotropic data:

Shape3 shape(width, height, depth);
MultiArray<3, unsigned char> source(shape);
MultiArray<3, TinyVector<float, 3> > dest(shape);
TinyVector<float, 3> step_size;
TinyVector<float, 3> resolution_sigmas;
...
// compute Gaussian gradient at scale sigma
gaussianGradientMultiArray(source, dest, sigma,
ConvolutionOptions<3>().stepSize(step_size).resolutionStdDev(resolution_sigmas));

See Also
  separableConvolveMultiArray()

void vigra::symmetricGradientMultiArray | ( |  | ... | ) |

Calculate gradient of a multi-dimensional arrays using symmetric difference filters.

This function computes the gradient of the given N-dimensional array with a sequence of symmetric difference filters a (differentiation is applied to each dimension in turn, starting with the innermost dimension). The destination array is required to have a vector valued pixel type with as many elements as the number of dimensions. This function is implemented by calls to convolveMultiArrayOneDimension() with the symmetric difference kernel.

Anisotropic data should be provided with appropriate vigra::ConvolutionOptions to adjust the filter sizes for the resolution of each axis. Otherwise, the parameter `opt` is optional unless the parameter `sigma` is omitted.

If you pass vigra::BlockwiseConvolutionOptions instead, the algorithm will be executed in parallel on data blocks of a certain size. The block size can be customized via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::blockShape()`, but the defaults usually work reasonably. By default, the number of threads equals the capabilities of your hardware, but you can change this via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::numThreads()`.

Declarations:

pass arbitrary-dimensional array views:

namespace vigra {
// execute algorithm sequentially
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
symmetricGradientMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, TinyVector<T2, N>, S2> dest,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
// execute algorithm in parallel
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
symmetricGradientMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, TinyVector<T2, N>, S2> dest,
BlockwiseConvolutionOptions<N> opt);
}

show deprecated declarations

pass MultiIterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
symmetricGradientMultiArray(SrcIterator siter, SrcShape const & shape, SrcAccessor src,
DestIterator diter, DestAccessor dest,
const ConvolutionOptions<N> & opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
symmetricGradientMultiArray(triple<SrcIterator, SrcShape, SrcAccessor> const & source,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> const & dest,
const ConvolutionOptions<N> & opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/multi_convolution.hxx> (sequential version)
#include <vigra/multi_blockwise.hxx> (parallel version)
Namespace: vigra

MultiArray<3, unsigned char>::size_type shape(width, height, depth);
MultiArray<3, unsigned char> source(shape);
MultiArray<3, TinyVector<float, 3> > dest(shape);
...
// compute gradient
symmetricGradientMultiArray(srcMultiArrayRange(source), destMultiArray(dest));

Usage with anisotropic data:

Shape3 shape(width, height, depth);
MultiArray<3, unsigned char> source(shape);
MultiArray<3, TinyVector<float, 3> > dest(shape);
TinyVector<float, 3> step_size;
...
// compute gradient
symmetricGradientMultiArray(source, dest,
ConvolutionOptions<3>().stepSize(step_size));

See Also
  convolveMultiArrayOneDimension()

void vigra::laplacianOfGaussianMultiArray | ( |  | ... | ) |

Calculate Laplacian of a N-dimensional arrays using Gaussian derivative filters.

This function computes the Laplacian of the given N-dimensional array with a sequence of second-derivative-of-Gaussian filters at the given standard deviation `sigma`. Both source and destination arrays must have scalar value_type. This function is implemented by calls to separableConvolveMultiArray() with the appropriate kernels, followed by summation.

Anisotropic data should be provided with appropriate vigra::ConvolutionOptions to adjust the filter sizes for the resolution of each axis. Otherwise, the parameter `opt` is optional unless the parameter `sigma` is omitted.

If you pass vigra::BlockwiseConvolutionOptions instead, the algorithm will be executed in parallel on data blocks of a certain size. The block size can be customized via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::blockShape()`, but the defaults usually work reasonably. By default, the number of threads equals the capabilities of your hardware, but you can change this via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::numThreads()`.

Declarations:

pass arbitrary-dimensional array views:

namespace vigra {
// pass scale explicitly
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
laplacianOfGaussianMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> dest,
double sigma,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
// pass scale(s) in option object
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
laplacianOfGaussianMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> dest,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt );
// likewise, but execute algorithm in parallel
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
laplacianOfGaussianMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> dest,
BlockwiseConvolutionOptions<N> opt );
}

show deprecated declarations

pass MultiIterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
laplacianOfGaussianMultiArray(SrcIterator siter, SrcShape const & shape, SrcAccessor src,
DestIterator diter, DestAccessor dest,
double sigma,
const ConvolutionOptions<N> & opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
laplacianOfGaussianMultiArray(triple<SrcIterator, SrcShape, SrcAccessor> const & source,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> const & dest,
double sigma,
const ConvolutionOptions<N> & opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/multi_convolution.hxx> (sequential version)
#include <vigra/multi_blockwise.hxx> (parallel version)
Namespace: vigra

Shape3 shape(width, height, depth);
MultiArray<3, float> source(shape);
MultiArray<3, float> laplacian(shape);
...
// compute Laplacian at scale sigma
laplacianOfGaussianMultiArray(source, laplacian, sigma);

Usage with anisotropic data:

MultiArray<3, float> source(shape);
MultiArray<3, float> laplacian(shape);
TinyVector<float, 3> step_size;
TinyVector<float, 3> resolution_sigmas;
...
// compute Laplacian at scale sigma
laplacianOfGaussianMultiArray(source, laplacian, sigma,
ConvolutionOptions<3>().stepSize(step_size).resolutionStdDev(resolution_sigmas));

See Also
  separableConvolveMultiArray()

void vigra::gaussianDivergenceMultiArray | ( |  | ... | ) |

Calculate the divergence of a vector field using Gaussian derivative filters.

This function computes the divergence of the given N-dimensional vector field with a sequence of first-derivative-of-Gaussian filters at the given standard deviation `sigma`. The input vector field can either be given as a sequence of scalar array views (one for each vector field component), represented by an iterator range, or by a single vector array with the appropriate shape. This function is implemented by calls to separableConvolveMultiArray() with the suitable kernels, followed by summation.

Anisotropic data should be provided with appropriate vigra::ConvolutionOptions to adjust the filter sizes for the resolution of each axis. Otherwise, the parameter `opt` is optional unless the parameter `sigma` is omitted.

If you pass vigra::BlockwiseConvolutionOptions instead, the algorithm will be executed in parallel on data blocks of a certain size. The block size can be customized via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::blockShape()`, but the defaults usually work reasonably. By default, the number of threads equals the capabilities of your hardware, but you can change this via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::numThreads()`.

Declarations:

pass arbitrary-dimensional array views:

namespace vigra {
// specify input vector field as a sequence of scalar arrays
template <class Iterator,
unsigned int N, class T, class S>
void
gaussianDivergenceMultiArray(Iterator vectorField, Iterator vectorFieldEnd,
MultiArrayView<N, T, S> divergence,
ConvolutionOptions<N> const & opt);
template <class Iterator,
unsigned int N, class T, class S>
void
gaussianDivergenceMultiArray(Iterator vectorField, Iterator vectorFieldEnd,
MultiArrayView<N, T, S> divergence,
double sigma,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
// pass input vector field as an array of vectors
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianDivergenceMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, TinyVector<T1, N>, S1> const & vectorField,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> divergence,
ConvolutionOptions<N> const & opt);
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianDivergenceMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, TinyVector<T1, N>, S1> const & vectorField,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> divergence,
double sigma,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
// pass input vector field as an array of vectors and
// execute algorithm in parallel
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
gaussianDivergenceMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, TinyVector<T1, N>, S1> const & vectorField,
MultiArrayView<N, T2, S2> divergence,
BlockwiseConvolutionOptions<N> const & opt);
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/multi_convolution.hxx> (sequential version)
#include <vigra/multi_blockwise.hxx> (parallel version)
Namespace: vigra

Shape3 shape(width, height, depth);
MultiArray<3, TinyVector<float, 3> > source(shape);
MultiArray<3, float> laplacian(shape);
...
// compute divergence at scale sigma
gaussianDivergenceMultiArray(source, laplacian, sigma);

Usage with anisotropic data:

MultiArray<3, TinyVector<float, 3> > source(shape);
MultiArray<3, float> laplacian(shape);
TinyVector<float, 3> step_size;
TinyVector<float, 3> resolution_sigmas;
...
// compute divergence at scale sigma
gaussianDivergenceMultiArray(source, laplacian, sigma,
ConvolutionOptions<3>().stepSize(step_size).resolutionStdDev(resolution_sigmas));

void vigra::hessianOfGaussianMultiArray | ( |  | ... | ) |

Calculate Hessian matrix of a N-dimensional arrays using Gaussian derivative filters.

This function computes the Hessian matrix the given scalar N-dimensional array with a sequence of second-derivative-of-Gaussian filters at the given standard deviation `sigma`. The destination array must have a vector valued element type with N*(N+1)/2 elements (it represents the upper triangular part of the symmetric Hessian matrix, flattened row-wise). This function is implemented by calls to separableConvolveMultiArray() with the appropriate kernels.

Anisotropic data should be provided with appropriate vigra::ConvolutionOptions to adjust the filter sizes for the resolution of each axis. Otherwise, the parameter `opt` is optional unless the parameter `sigma` is omitted.

If you pass vigra::BlockwiseConvolutionOptions instead, the algorithm will be executed in parallel on data blocks of a certain size. The block size can be customized via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::blockShape()`, but the defaults usually work reasonably. By default, the number of threads equals the capabilities of your hardware, but you can change this via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::numThreads()`.

Declarations:

pass arbitrary-dimensional array views:

namespace vigra {
// pass scale explicitly
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
hessianOfGaussianMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, TinyVector<T2, int(N*(N+1)/2)>, S2> dest,
double sigma,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
// pass scale(s) in option object
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
hessianOfGaussianMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, TinyVector<T2, int(N*(N+1)/2)>, S2> dest,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt);
// likewise, but execute algorithm in parallel
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
hessianOfGaussianMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, TinyVector<T2, int(N*(N+1)/2)>, S2> dest,
BlockwiseConvolutionOptions<N> opt);
}

show deprecated declarations

pass MultiIterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
hessianOfGaussianMultiArray(SrcIterator siter, SrcShape const & shape, SrcAccessor src,
DestIterator diter, DestAccessor dest,
double sigma,
const ConvolutionOptions<N> & opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
hessianOfGaussianMultiArray(triple<SrcIterator, SrcShape, SrcAccessor> const & source,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> const & dest,
double sigma,
const ConvolutionOptions<N> & opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/multi_convolution.hxx> (sequential version)
#include <vigra/multi_blockwise.hxx> (parallel version)
Namespace: vigra

Shape3 shape(width, height, depth);
MultiArray<3, float> source(shape);
MultiArray<3, TinyVector<float, 6> > dest(shape);
...
// compute Hessian at scale sigma
hessianOfGaussianMultiArray(source, dest, sigma);

Usage with anisotropic data:

MultiArray<3, float> source(shape);
MultiArray<3, TinyVector<float, 6> > dest(shape);
TinyVector<float, 3> step_size;
TinyVector<float, 3> resolution_sigmas;
...
// compute Hessian at scale sigma
hessianOfGaussianMultiArray(source, dest, sigma,
ConvolutionOptions<3>().stepSize(step_size).resolutionStdDev(resolution_sigmas));

See Also
  separableConvolveMultiArray(), vectorToTensorMultiArray()

void vigra::structureTensorMultiArray | ( |  | ... | ) |

Calculate the structure tensor of a multi-dimensional arrays.

This function computes the gradient (outer product) tensor for each element of the given N-dimensional array with first-derivative-of-Gaussian filters at the given `innerScale`, followed by Gaussian smoothing at `outerScale`. The destination array must have a vector valued pixel type with N*(N+1)/2 elements (it represents the upper triangular part of the symmetric structure tensor matrix, flattened row-wise). If the source array is also vector valued, the resulting structure tensor is the sum of the individual tensors for each channel. This function is implemented by calls to separableConvolveMultiArray() with the appropriate kernels.

Anisotropic data should be provided with appropriate vigra::ConvolutionOptions to adjust the filter sizes for the resolution of each axis. Otherwise, the parameter `opt` is optional unless the parameters `innerScale` and `outerScale` are both omitted.

If you pass vigra::BlockwiseConvolutionOptions instead, the algorithm will be executed in parallel on data blocks of a certain size. The block size can be customized via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::blockShape()`, but the defaults usually work reasonably. By default, the number of threads equals the capabilities of your hardware, but you can change this via `BlockwiseConvolutionOptions::numThreads()`.

Declarations:

pass arbitrary-dimensional array views:

namespace vigra {
// pass scales explicitly
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
structureTensorMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, TinyVector<T2, int(N*(N+1)/2)>, S2> dest,
double innerScale, double outerScale,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt = ConvolutionOptions<N>());
// pass scales in option object
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
structureTensorMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, TinyVector<T2, int(N*(N+1)/2)>, S2> dest,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt );
// likewise, but execute algorithm in parallel
template <unsigned int N, class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2>
void
structureTensorMultiArray(MultiArrayView<N, T1, S1> const & source,
MultiArrayView<N, TinyVector<T2, int(N*(N+1)/2)>, S2> dest,
BlockwiseConvolutionOptions<N> opt );
}

show deprecated declarations

pass MultiIterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
structureTensorMultiArray(SrcIterator siter, SrcShape const & shape, SrcAccessor src,
DestIterator diter, DestAccessor dest,
double innerScale, double outerScale,
ConvolutionOptions<N> opt);
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcShape, class SrcAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor>
void
structureTensorMultiArray(triple<SrcIterator, SrcShape, SrcAccessor> const & source,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> const & dest,
double innerScale, double outerScale,
const ConvolutionOptions<N> & opt);
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/multi_convolution.hxx> (sequential version)
#include <vigra/multi_blockwise.hxx> (parallel version)
Namespace: vigra

Shape3 shape(width, height, depth);
MultiArray<3, RGBValue<float> > source(shape);
MultiArray<3, TinyVector<float, 6> > dest(shape);
...
// compute structure tensor at scales innerScale and outerScale
structureTensorMultiArray(source, dest, innerScale, outerScale);

Usage with anisotropic data:

MultiArray<3, RGBValue<float> > source(shape);
MultiArray<3, TinyVector<float, 6> > dest(shape);
TinyVector<float, 3> step_size;
TinyVector<float, 3> resolution_sigmas;
...
// compute structure tensor at scales innerScale and outerScale
structureTensorMultiArray(source, dest, innerScale, outerScale,
ConvolutionOptions<3>().stepSize(step_size).resolutionStdDev(resolution_sigmas));

See Also
  separableConvolveMultiArray(), vectorToTensorMultiArray()

void vigra::convolveFFT | ( |  | ... | ) |

Convolve an array with a kernel by means of the Fourier transform.

Thanks to the convolution theorem of Fourier theory, a convolution in the spatial domain is equivalent to a multiplication in the frequency domain. Thus, for certain kernels (especially large, non-separable ones), it is advantageous to perform the convolution by first transforming both array and kernel to the frequency domain, multiplying the frequency representations, and transforming the result back into the spatial domain. Some kernels have a much simpler definition in the frequency domain, so that they are readily computed there directly, avoiding Fourier transformation of those kernels.

The following functions implement various variants of FFT-based convolution:

convolveFFT
  Convolve a real-valued input array with a kernel such that the result is also real-valued. That is, the kernel is either provided as a real-valued array in the spatial domain, or as a complex-valued array in the Fourier domain, using the half-space format of the R2C Fourier transform (see below).
convolveFFTMany
  Like `convolveFFT`, but you may provide many kernels at once (using an iterator pair specifying the kernel sequence). This has the advantage that the forward transform of the input array needs to be executed only once.
convolveFFTComplex
  Convolve a complex-valued input array with a complex-valued kernel, resulting in a complex-valued output array. An additional flag is used to specify whether the kernel is defined in the spatial or frequency domain.
convolveFFTComplexMany
  Like `convolveFFTComplex`, but you may provide many kernels at once (using an iterator pair specifying the kernel sequence). This has the advantage that the forward transform of the input array needs to be executed only once.

The output arrays must have the same shape as the input arrays. In the "Many" variants of the convolution functions, the kernels must all have the same shape.

The origin of the kernel is always assumed to be in the center of the kernel array (precisely, at the point `floor(kernel.shape() / 2.0)`, except when the half-space format is used, see below). The function moveDCToUpperLeft() will be called internally to align the kernel with the transformed input as appropriate.

If a real input is combined with a real kernel, the kernel is automatically assumed to be defined in the spatial domain. If a real input is combined with a complex kernel, the kernel is assumed to be defined in the Fourier domain in half-space format. If the input array is complex, a flag `fourierDomainKernel` determines where the kernel is defined.

When the kernel is defined in the spatial domain, the convolution functions will automatically pad (enlarge) the input array by at least the kernel radius in each direction. The newly added space is filled according to reflective boundary conditions in order to minimize border artifacts during convolution. It is thus ensured that convolution in the Fourier domain yields the same results as convolution in the spatial domain (e.g. when separableConvolveMultiArray() is called with the same kernel). A little further padding may be added to make sure that the padded array shape uses integers which have only small prime factors, because FFTW is then able to use the fastest possible algorithms. Any padding is automatically removed from the result arrays before the function returns.

When the kernel is defined in the frequency domain, it must be complex-valued, and its shape determines the shape of the Fourier representation (i.e. the input is padded according to the shape of the kernel). If we are going to perform a complex-valued convolution, the kernel must be defined for the entire frequency domain, and its shape directly determines the size of the FFT.

In contrast, a frequency domain kernel for a real-valued convolution must have symmetry properties that allow to drop half of the kernel coefficients, as in the R2C transform. That is, the kernel must have the half-space format, that is the shape returned by `fftwCorrespondingShapeR2C(fourier_shape)`, where `fourier_shape` is the desired logical shape of the frequency representation (and thus the size of the padded input). The origin of the kernel must be at the point `(0, floor(fourier_shape[0] / 2.0), ..., floor(fourier_shape[N-1] / 2.0))` (i.e. as in a regular kernel except for the first dimension).

The `Real` type in the declarations can be `double`, `float`, and `long double`. Your program must always link against `libfftw3`. If you use `float` or `long double` arrays, you must additionally link against `libfftw3f` and `libfftw3l` respectively.

The Fourier transform functions internally create FFTW plans which control the algorithm details. The plans are created with the flag `FFTW_ESTIMATE`, i.e. optimal settings are guessed or read from saved "wisdom" files. If you need more control over planning, you can use the class FFTWConvolvePlan.

See also applyFourierFilter() for corresponding functionality on the basis of the old image iterator interface.

Declarations:

Real-valued convolution with kernel in the spatial domain:

namespace vigra {
template <unsigned int N, class Real, class C1, class C2, class C3>
void
convolveFFT(MultiArrayView<N, Real, C1> in,
MultiArrayView<N, Real, C2> kernel,
MultiArrayView<N, Real, C3> out);
}

Real-valued convolution with kernel in the Fourier domain (half-space format):

namespace vigra {
template <unsigned int N, class Real, class C1, class C2, class C3>
void
convolveFFT(MultiArrayView<N, Real, C1> in,
MultiArrayView<N, FFTWComplex<Real>, C2> kernel,
MultiArrayView<N, Real, C3> out);
}

Series of real-valued convolutions with kernels in the spatial or Fourier domain (the kernel and out sequences must have the same length):

namespace vigra {
template <unsigned int N, class Real, class C1,
class KernelIterator, class OutIterator>
void
convolveFFTMany(MultiArrayView<N, Real, C1> in,
KernelIterator kernels, KernelIterator kernelsEnd,
OutIterator outs);
}

Complex-valued convolution (parameter `fourierDomainKernel` determines if the kernel is defined in the spatial or Fourier domain):

namespace vigra {
template <unsigned int N, class Real, class C1, class C2, class C3>
void
convolveFFTComplex(MultiArrayView<N, FFTWComplex<Real>, C1> in,
MultiArrayView<N, FFTWComplex<Real>, C2> kernel,
MultiArrayView<N, FFTWComplex<Real>, C3> out,
bool fourierDomainKernel);
}

Series of complex-valued convolutions (parameter `fourierDomainKernel` determines if the kernels are defined in the spatial or Fourier domain, the kernel and out sequences must have the same length):

namespace vigra {
template <unsigned int N, class Real, class C1,
class KernelIterator, class OutIterator>
void
convolveFFTComplexMany(MultiArrayView<N, FFTWComplex<Real>, C1> in,
KernelIterator kernels, KernelIterator kernelsEnd,
OutIterator outs,
bool fourierDomainKernel);
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/multi_fft.hxx>
Namespace: vigra

// convolve real array with a Gaussian (sigma=1) defined in the spatial domain
// (implicitly uses padding by at least 4 pixels)
MultiArray<2, double> src(Shape2(w, h)), dest(Shape2(w,h));
MultiArray<2, double> spatial_kernel(Shape2(9, 9));
Gaussian<double> gauss(1.0);
for(int y=0; y<9; ++y)
for(int x=0; x<9; ++x)
spatial_kernel(x, y) = gauss(x-4.0)*gauss(y-4.0);
convolveFFT(src, spatial_kernel, dest);
// convolve real array with a Gaussian (sigma=1) defined in the Fourier domain
// (uses no padding, because the kernel size corresponds to the input size)
MultiArray<2, FFTWComplex<double> > fourier_kernel(fftwCorrespondingShapeR2C(src.shape()));
int y0 = h / 2;
for(int y=0; y<fourier_kernel.shape(1); ++y)
for(int x=0; x<fourier_kernel.shape(0); ++x)
fourier_kernel(x, y) = exp(-0.5*sq(x / double(w))) * exp(-0.5*sq((y-y0)/double(h)));
convolveFFT(src, fourier_kernel, dest);

void vigra::convolveFFTComplex | ( |  | ... | ) |

Convolve a complex-valued array by means of the Fourier transform.

See convolveFFT() for details.

void vigra::convolveFFTMany | ( |  | ... | ) |

Convolve a real-valued array with a sequence of kernels by means of the Fourier transform.

See convolveFFT() for details.

void vigra::convolveFFTComplexMany | ( |  | ... | ) |

Convolve a complex-valued array with a sequence of kernels by means of the Fourier transform.

See convolveFFT() for details.

void vigra::correlateFFT | ( |  | ... | ) |

Correlate an array with a kernel by means of the Fourier transform.

This function correlates a real-valued input array with a real-valued kernel such that the result is also real-valued. Thanks to the correlation theorem of Fourier theory, a correlation in the spatial domain is equivalent to a multiplication with the complex conjugate in the frequency domain. Thus, for certain kernels (especially large, non-separable ones), it is advantageous to perform the correlation by first transforming both array and kernel to the frequency domain, multiplying the frequency representations, and transforming the result back into the spatial domain.

The output arrays must have the same shape as the input arrays.

See also convolveFFT() for corresponding functionality.

Declarations:

namespace vigra {
template <unsigned int N, class Real, class C1, class C2, class C3>
void
correlateFFT(MultiArrayView<N, Real, C1> in,
MultiArrayView<N, Real, C2> kernel,
MultiArrayView<N, Real, C3> out);
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/multi_fft.hxx>
Namespace: vigra

// correlate real array with a template to find best matches
// (implicitly uses padding by at least 4 pixels)
MultiArray<2, double> src(Shape2(w, h)), dest(Shape2(w, h));
MultiArray<2, double> template(Shape2(9, 9));
template = ...;
correlateFFT(src, template, dest);

void vigra::normalizedConvolveImage | ( |  | ... | ) |

Performs a 2-dimensional normalized convolution, i.e. convolution with a mask image.

This functions computes normalized convolution as defined in Knutsson, H. and Westin, C-F.: Normalized and differential convolution: Methods for Interpolation and Filtering of incomplete and uncertain data. Proc. of the IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1993, 515-523.

The mask image must be binary and encodes which pixels of the original image are valid. It is used as follows: Only pixel under the mask are used in the calculations. Whenever a part of the kernel lies outside the mask, it is ignored, and the kernel is renormalized to its original norm (analogous to the CLIP BorderTreatmentMode). Thus, a useful convolution result is computed whenever at least one valid pixel is within the current window Thus, destination pixels not under the mask still receive a value if they are near the mask. Therefore, this algorithm is useful as an interpolator of sparse input data. If you are only interested in the destination values under the mask, you can perform a subsequent copyImageIf().

The KernelIterator must point to the center of the kernel, and the kernel's size is given by its upper left (x and y of distance <= 0) and lower right (distance >= 0) corners. The image must always be larger than the kernel. At those positions where the kernel does not completely fit into the image, the specified BorderTreatmentMode is applied. Only BORDER_TREATMENT_CLIP and BORDER_TREATMENT_AVOID are currently supported.

The images's pixel type (SrcAccessor::value_type) must be a linear space over the kernel's value_type (KernelAccessor::value_type), i.e. addition of source values, multiplication with kernel values, and NumericTraits must be defined. The kernel's value_type must be an algebraic field, i.e. the arithmetic operations (+, -, *, /) and NumericTraits must be defined.

Declarations:

pass 2D array views:

namespace vigra {
template <class T1, class S1,
class T2, class S2,
class TM, class SM,
class T3>
void
normalizedConvolveImage(MultiArrayView<2, T1, S1> const & src,
MultiArrayView<2, TM, SM> const & mask,
MultiArrayView<2, T2, S2> dest,
Kernel2D<T3> const & kernel);
}

show deprecated declarations

pass Image Iterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class MaskIterator, class MaskAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor,
class KernelIterator, class KernelAccessor>
void
normalizedConvolveImage(SrcIterator src_ul, SrcIterator src_lr, SrcAccessor src_acc,
MaskIterator mul, MaskAccessor am,
DestIterator dest_ul, DestAccessor dest_acc,
KernelIterator ki, KernelAccessor ak,
Diff2D kul, Diff2D klr, BorderTreatmentMode border);
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class MaskIterator, class MaskAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor,
class KernelIterator, class KernelAccessor>
void normalizedConvolveImage(triple<SrcIterator, SrcIterator, SrcAccessor> src,
pair<MaskIterator, MaskAccessor> mask,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> dest,
tuple5<KernelIterator, KernelAccessor, Diff2D, Diff2D,
BorderTreatmentMode> kernel);
}

Usage:

#include <vigra/stdconvolution.hxx>
Namespace: vigra

MultiArray<2, float> src(w,h), dest(w,h);
MultiArray<2, unsigned char> mask(w,h);
...
// define 3x3 binomial filter
vigra::Kernel2D<float> binom;
binom.initExplicitly(Diff2D(-1,-1), Diff2D(1,1)) = // upper left and lower right
0.0625, 0.125, 0.0625,
0.125, 0.25, 0.125,
0.0625, 0.125, 0.0625;
normalizedConvolveImage(src, mask, dest, binom);

show deprecated examples

vigra::FImage src(w,h), dest(w,h);
vigra::CImage mask(w,h);
...
// define 3x3 binomial filter
vigra::Kernel2D<float> binom;
binom.initExplicitly(Diff2D(-1,-1), Diff2D(1,1)) = // upper left and lower right
0.0625, 0.125, 0.0625,
0.125, 0.25, 0.125,
0.0625, 0.125, 0.0625;
vigra::normalizedConvolveImage(srcImageRange(src), maskImage(mask), destImage(dest), kernel2d(binom));

Required Interface:

ImageIterator src_ul, src_lr;
ImageIterator mul;
ImageIterator dest_ul;
ImageIterator ik;
SrcAccessor src_accessor;
MaskAccessor mask_accessor;
DestAccessor dest_accessor;
KernelAccessor kernel_accessor;
NumericTraits<SrcAccessor::value_type>::RealPromote s = src_accessor(src_ul);
s = s + s;
s = kernel_accessor(ik) * s;
s -= s;
if(mask_accessor(mul)) ...;
dest_accessor.set(
NumericTraits<DestAccessor::value_type>::fromRealPromote(s), dest_ul);
NumericTraits<KernelAccessor::value_type>::RealPromote k = kernel_accessor(ik);
k += k;
k -= k;
k = k / k;

Preconditions:

- The image must be longer than the kernel radius: `w > std::max(kernel.lowerRight().x, -kernel.upperLeft().x)` and `h > std::max(kernel.lowerRight().y, -kernel.upperLeft().y)`.
- The sum of kernel elements must be != 0.
- `border == BORDER_TREATMENT_CLIP || border == BORDER_TREATMENT_AVOID`

void vigra::convolveImageWithMask | ( |  | ... | ) |

Deprecated name of 2-dimensional normalized convolution, i.e. convolution with a mask image.

See normalizedConvolveImage() for documentation.

Declarations:

pass 2D array views:

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class MaskIterator, class MaskAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor,
class KernelIterator, class KernelAccessor>
void
convolveImageWithMask(SrcIterator src_ul, SrcIterator src_lr, SrcAccessor src_acc,
MaskIterator mul, MaskAccessor am,
DestIterator dest_ul, DestAccessor dest_acc,
KernelIterator ki, KernelAccessor ak,
Diff2D kul, Diff2D klr, BorderTreatmentMode border);
}

show deprecated declarations

pass Image Iterators and Data Accessors :
namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class MaskIterator, class MaskAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor,
class KernelIterator, class KernelAccessor>
void
convolveImageWithMask(SrcIterator src_ul, SrcIterator src_lr, SrcAccessor src_acc,
MaskIterator mul, MaskAccessor am,
DestIterator dest_ul, DestAccessor dest_acc,
KernelIterator ki, KernelAccessor ak,
Diff2D kul, Diff2D klr, BorderTreatmentMode border);
}

use argument objects in conjunction with Argument Object Factories :

namespace vigra {
template <class SrcIterator, class SrcAccessor,
class MaskIterator, class MaskAccessor,
class DestIterator, class DestAccessor,
class KernelIterator, class KernelAccessor>
void convolveImageWithMask(triple<SrcIterator, SrcIterator, SrcAccessor> src,
pair<MaskIterator, MaskAccessor> mask,
pair<DestIterator, DestAccessor> dest,
tuple5<KernelIterator, KernelAccessor, Diff2D, Diff2D,
BorderTreatmentMode> kernel);
}

© Ullrich Köthe (ullrich.koethe@iwr.uni-heidelberg.de) Heidelberg Collaboratory for Image Processing, University of Heidelberg, Germany | html generated using doxygen and Python vigra 1.11.0 (Fri May 19 2017)