# Manuel d'Hydrogen

### Antonio Piraino

### Alessandro Cominu

### Thijs Van Severen

### Sebastian Moors

Résumé

Hydrogen is a software synthesizer which can be used alone, emulating a drum machine based on patterns, or via an external MIDI keyboard/sequencer software. Hydrogen compiles on Linux, Mac OS X and Windows.

Liste des illustrations

1.1. L'Onglet Général
1.2. L'Onglet de Système Audio
1.3. L'Onglet Système MIDI
1.4. L'Onglet Apparence
1.5. L'onglet Moteur Audio
2.1. The Main UI in Single Pane mode
2.2. The Main UI in Tabbed mode
2.3. La Barre d'Outils Principale
2.4. L'Éditeur de morceau
2.5. The Pattern Options menu
2.6. Export a song
2.7. Éditeur de Motif en mode Drum
2.8. Contrôles de l'Éditeur de Motif
2.9. L'Éditeur de Motif en mode Piano
2.10. Le Mixeur
2.11. Select an Effect
2.12. Soundlibrary/Drumkit hierarchy
2.13. The Soundlibrary
2.14. Import Drumkit
2.15. The Instrument editor General view
2.16. The Instrument editor Layers view
2.17. The Sample Editor
3.1. The Pattern Editor
3.2. Inserting Notes in a Pattern
3.3. Le Mixeur

# Chapitre 1. Introduction

## 1. Téléchargement

You can download Hydrogen from http://www.hydrogen-music.org. On the 'Downloads' page you can find several binaries (installers) for Linux, Mac and Windows. (note that some versions may not be available for Windows and Mac)

If you want to compile Hydrogen yourself (see Section 2), you can download the latest source files directly from our git repository with:

    $ git clone git://github.com/hydrogen-music/hydrogen.git

A certain release can be fetched with:

    $ git checkout tags/0.9.6

La compilation d'Hydrogen dépend des bibliothèques suivantes :

- qt (>= 4.3) at http://www.qt.io

- libsndfile à http://www.mega-nerd.com/libsndfile/

- ALSA (>= 1.x) at http://www.alsa-project.org (only if you wish to use ALSA as audio driver)

- Jack Audio Connection Kit (>= 0.80) à http://jackaudio.org/ (seulement si vous voulez utiliser JACK comme pilote audio)

- PortAudio à http://www.portaudio.com (seulement si vous voulez utiliser PortAudio comme pilote audio)

- PulseAudio at http://www.pulseaudio.org (only if you wish to use PulseAudio as audio driver)

- Flac à http://flac.sf.net (seulement si vous voulez utiliser des échantillons flac)

- ladspa at http://www.ladspa.org (only if you wish to use ladspa effects)

- liblrdf at http://sf.net/projects/lrdf (only if you wish to use lrdf to categorise effects)

- lash à http://lash.nongnu.org (seulement si vous voulez utiliser lash)

Veuillez les installer avec le gestionnaire de paquet de votre distribution. Si vous exploitez un système basé sur Debian, vous pouvez installer les bibliothèques avec :

    $ apt-get install libqt4-dev g++ libasound2-dev \
            libjack-dev liblrdf0-dev libflac++-dev libtar-dev libsndfile1-dev \
            liblash-dev libportaudio-dev libportmidi-dev libpulse-dev

## 2. Construction

Depending on the branch you are compiling you will need to use cmake. Check the INSTALL.txt and the README.txt files for more info (located in the top level dir once you downloaded the sources).

Compiling with cmake can be done easily by using the build.sh script. Go to the directory where the git repository was cloned and run the build.sh script without any arguments to display the help :

    $ ./build.sh

L'aide est à présent affichée (et est explicite) :

       r[m]     =
    > all built, temp and cache files
                 c[lean]  =
    > remove cache files
                 m[ake]   =
    > launch the build process
                 d[oc]    =
    > build html documentation
                 g[raph]  =
    > draw a dependecies graph
                 h[elp]   =
    > show the build options
                 x|exec   =
    > execute hydrogen
                 t[ests]  =
    > execute tests
                 p[kg]    =
    > build source package
              ex: ./build.sh r m pkg x

To build Hydrogen run the build script with the 'm' option :

    $ ./build.sh m

## 3. Préférences

En premier lieu, vous devriez être certain que le moteur audio est configuré proprement. Le dialogue de préférences peut être accédé via le menu outils (Outils -> préférences).

### 3.1. L'onglet Général

Sur l'onglet "Général" (Figure 1.1), vous pouvez choisir de ré-ouvrir automatiquement la dernière chanson ou liste-de-lecture utilisée. Ceci peut vous éviter l'embêtement d'avoir à ré-ouvrir la chanson sur laquelle vous travaillez à chaque fois que vous ouvrez Hydrogen. Le chargement automatique de la liste-de-lecture peut être pratique quand vous utilisez Hydrogen en live.

If you want to use Lash for session management you should enable it here so Hydrogen allows interaction with Lash. If jou are using Jack Session for session management you have to option to let Hydrogen automatically save the song file in the Jack Session Directory.

La compensation de dérive et la position de départ du compteur de pulsation vous permet de compenser la latence du système lorsque vous utilisez la fonction Compteur de Pulsation (voir Section 4.1)

The Max number of bars in a song can be set here (currently limited to 800) and if you want to use rubberband for sample time-streching (see Section 9.5.2) you need to enter the path where rubberband is installed on you system here.

Figure 1.1. L'Onglet Général

### 3.2. L'onglet Système Audio

From the "Audio System" tab (Figure 1.2) it is possible to modify the audio driver being used (OSS, Jack, ALSA, PortAudio, PulseAudio, CoreAudio) with its buffer and sampling rate (unless you are using JACK, in this case the audio driver configuration should happen before starting the JACK server).

Nous pouvons sélectionner certaines fonctionnalités d'Hydrogen comme "Créer une sortie par instrument", ceci créera 1 sortie par instrument que vous pourrez connecter à n'importe quelle autre application compatible JACK. Ceci peut être utile si vous voulez ajouter des effets à un seul instrument avec Jack-rack par exemple. "Connecter à la paire de sortie par défaut" connecte la sortie aux ports par défaut : désélectionnez-la si vous voulez connecter les sorties JACK vers d'autres ports sans avoir à les déconnecter avant.

Garder également un oeil sur la valeur de "Polyphonie" : suivant votre processeur, vous pouvez vouloir changer le nombre maximum de notes simultanées afin d'éviter à Hydrogen, des Xruns du pilote audio.

The "Interpolate resampling" parameter allows you to select your preferred interpolation methode.

Figure 1.2. L'Onglet de Système Audio

Les pilotes audio suivants sont diponibles :

- jackd : Le pilote Jack est un serveur audio professionnel qui permet de très basses latences et des échanges avec les autres logiciels audio. Nous recommandons fortement l'utilisation de ce pilote pour obtenir le meilleur d'Hydrogen. Le serveur JACK démarrera automatiquement s'il n'est pas déjà lancé.

- ALSA : le standard de pilotes audio Linux largement adopté

- OSS : Le pilote audio OSS utilise /dev/dsp et est basé sur l'interface OSS qui est supporté par une vaste majorité de cartes-son disponibles pour Linux; ceci dit, l'utilisation de ce pilote audio bloque /dev/dsp jusqu'à ce qu'Hydrogen soit fermé, c'est à dire : inutilisable par n'importe quel autre logiciel. Utilisez-le en dernier recours.

- PortAudio : un pilote audio multi plateformes et open-source

- CoreAudio : un pilote pour Mac OS X (expérimental)

- PulseAudio: a driver for the cross platform PulseAudio sound server.

### 3.3. L'onglet Système Midi

The "Midi System" tab (Figure 1.3) contains all MIDI settings. Here you can choose the MIDI driver (ALSA, PortMidi, CoreMidi or JackMidi) input, and channel(s) that Hydrogen should respond to.

### Note

If you want to use Jack Session management you should select the JackMidi driver. Jack Session management can only (re)store Jack midi connections.

You can also define midi bindings: link a midi note/message to an action. To do this simply press the red 'REC' button left of the event-action binding line. A popup will inform you that Hydrogen is waiting for your input. Press/hit/turn the key/pad/knob on your midi keyboard (or controller) that you want to link to this action. The popup will close and the Event Param value will now show the midi note value of the key you pressed. Once this is done you can select an Action from the action drop-down list. Note that some actions (like SELECT_NEXT_PATTERN) also require an Action Param that references the pattern you want to select with this midi action.

See Section 10 for more info on Midi actions.

Figure 1.3. L'Onglet Système MIDI

### 3.4. L'onglet Apparence

The "Appearance" tab (Figure 1.4) let's you modify Hydrogen look and feel (font settings and interface style). On this tab you can also change the VU meters fall-off speed and switch between Single pane and Tabbed interface mode (see Section 2)

Figure 1.4. L'Onglet Apparence

### 3.5. L'onglet Moteur Audio (débug seulement)

L'onglet "Moteur Audio" (Figure 1.5) est une fenêtre qui affiche différentes statistiques à propos d'Hydrogen et du pilote audio. Dans le cas où JACK est utilisé, le tampon et le taux d'échantillonnage doivent être réglés avant de démarrer Hydrogen (JACK démarre automatiquement lorsque l'application essaie de se connecter).

Notez que l'onglet Moteur Audio est disponible seulement si Hydrogen a été compilé avec le support debug.

Figure 1.5. L'onglet Moteur Audio

# Chapitre 2. Utilisation d'Hydrogen

## 1. Utiliser les Types-de-Fichiers

Avant de travailler avec Hydrogen, veuillez vous familiariser avec ces types de fichiers :

- *.h2pattern : fichier XML décrivant un motif unique. Les motifs sont des groupes de coups et sont gérés dans l'éditeur de motif.

- *.h2song : fichier XML décrivant le morceau entier (ou la séquence). Les morceaux sont un groupe de motifs avec leurs propriétés et sont gérés en utilisant l'éditeur de morceau

- *.h2playlist : fichier XML décrivant une liste de lecture. Une liste de lecture est un groupe (ordonné) de morceaux.

- *.h2drumkit : un dossier compressé et archivé contenant tous les échantillons composants un kit de batterie ainsi qu'un fichier XML de description. Les Kits de batterie sont basiquement un groupe d'échantillons.

## 2. The main User Interface : an overview

The Main UI comes in 2 flavors : the (classic) Single Pane mode (ideal for large- and medium size screens), and the Tabbed mode (optimized for netbook screen sizes).

Below you can see the main UI split up in 5 parts : the Main Menu, Main Toolbar, Song Editor, Pattern Editor and the Instrument and Sound Library Editor. These sections will be explained in detail further down in this manual.

Figure 2.1. The Main UI in Single Pane mode

Figure 2.2. The Main UI in Tabbed mode

## 3. Menu principal

Projets : ce menu offre des fonctions concernant les fichiers.

- Nouveau - Crée un nouveau morceau

- Propriétés - Paramétrer les propriétés générales du morceau comme le nom, l'auteur, licence et des notes générales

- Ouvrir - Ouvrir un morceau

- Ouvrir une Démo - Ouvrir un morceau de démo (les morceaux de démo sont stockés dans $INSTALLPATH/share/hydrogen/data/demo_songs)

- Ouvrir un fichier récent - Ouvrir un menu montrant les derniers morceaux utilisés

- Enregistrer - Enregistrer les changements du morceau actuel

- Enregistrer sous - Enregistrer le morceau actuel en spécifiant un nom (chemin par défaut :$HOME/.hydrogen/data/songs)

- Ouvrir un motif - Ouvrir un motif enregistré appartenant au kit de batterie courant

- Exporter le motif sous - Enregistrer le motif. Il sera enregistré dans $HOME/.hydrogen/data/patterns/drumkit_name

- Exporter le morceau en fichier MIDI - Exporter le morceau actuel dans un format MIDI

- Export song - Export current song in WAV format (see Section 5.4)

- Quitter - Quitter Hydrogen

Undo: Undo/Redo functions.

- Undo - Lets you undo your last action

- Redo - Lets you redo the last undone action

- Command History - Gives you an overview of your previous actions

Instruments: ce menu offre des fonctions d'instruments et des kits de batterie (bibliothèques de sons).

- Ajouter un instrument - Ajouter un nouvel instrument à votre Kit de Batterie courant

- Effacer tout - Effacer tous les intruments du kit de batterie courant

- Enregistrer la bibliothèque - Enregistre tous les paramètres des instruments (et leurs échantillons sonores) dans $HOME/.hydrogen/data/library_name

- Exporter la bibliothèque - Compresse tous les échantillons d'instruments et les paramètres dans un kit de batterie dans $HOME/.hydrogen/data/library_name

- Importer la bibliothèque - Importe un autre kit de batterie depuis le système de fichier local ou le télécharge depuis un emplacement distant à travers un flux XML. Le fichier XML qui peut être fourni N'EST PAS compatible RSS (voir Site web d'Hydrogen pour un exemple). Pour charger un autre kit de batterie dans votre séance actuelle de travail d'Hydrogen, lisez Section 8.

Outils: ouvre le mixeur, le directeur, l'éditeur de liste de lecture, le rack d'instrument et la fenêtre des préférences générales.

- Éditeur de Liste de Lecture - Un outil pour gérer les listes de lecture.

- Directeur - Ouvre la fenêtre du directeur.

- Table de mixage - Ouvre la fenêtre de la table de mixage.

- Instrument - Ouvre le panneau d'instrument.

- Préférences - Ouvre la fenre des préférences principales. Lisez Section 3 comment configurer Hydrogen.

Debug: Outils principalement pour débugger et monitorer Hydrogen (seulement disponible quand compilé avec le support du debug !).

- Montrer les onformations du moteur audio - Ouvre un moniteur avec différentes statistiques

- debug action - Insère des commandes de débuggage.

- Print Objects - Print on stdout current objects map.

Info

- Manuel Utilisateur - Ouvre ue fenêtre avec ce manuel :)

- À propos - La fenêtre habituelle avec l'information de licence, les remerciements, etc.

## 4. La barre d'outil principale

Avant d'analyser les deux parties principales d'Hydrogen, jettons un coup d'oeil rapide à la barre d'outil principale et à ses composants :

- Piloter les morceaux par l'utilisation des boutons Jouer, Arrêter, Pause, etc.

- Choisir entre les modes "pattern" (NdT : motif) ou "song" (NdT : morceau) : dans le mode "pattern", seule le motif actuellement séléctionné sera joué, alors que dans le mode "song", tous mes motifs insérés seront joués.

- An advanced tap tempo function: choose note length and how many notes to wait before recalculating BPM, then hit the comma key repeatedly until the 'R' letter appears and then the BPM will be updated. (see Section 4.1)

- Paramétrer manuellement le BPM

- Gérer le transport JACK

- Ouvrir les panneaux de mixeur et d'instrument

Figure 2.3. La Barre d'Outils Principale

- Les contrôles principaux pour jouer [Raccourci = Barre d'Espace], arrêter, enregistrer, avancer, revenir en arrière, boucler un morceau ou un motif.

- Paramétrer le Mode Pattern/Song (NdT : Motif/Morceau). Lorsque le mode Song est séléctionné, Hydrogen jouera le morceau entier. Ceci est la séquence de motifs que vous avez créée dans l'Éditeur de Morceau (voir Section 5). Lorsque le mode Pattern est sélectionné, Hydrogen jouera le motif qui est actuellement sélectionné, et donc affiché dans l'Éditeur de Motif (voir Section 6).

- Paramétrer le type de mesure et le Compteur de Tempo (voir Section 4.1).

- Paramétrer la vitesse de lecture (plage : 30-400 bpm) [Raccourci = molette de la souris] et le bouton pour activer/désactiver le métronome

- Afficher la charge processeur et les événement MIDI. La barre graphique du processeur vous donne des indications sur la charge du processeur. La lumière MIDI s'allume à chaque fois qu'Hydrogen reçoit un message MIDI.

- Click J. TRANS to enable Jack transport. If the J. MASTER button is pressed Hydrogen will work as 'master', else it will act as 'slave' to another 'master' program (e.g. Ardour). Note that this applet is only available if Jack Audio Driver is selected, NOT when the Audio driver is set to 'Auto'.

- The last section gives you quick access to the Mixer window and the Instrument Rack. The LCD screen displays what Hydrogen is up to.

### 4.1. Tap Tempo et Compteur de Pulsation

It is possible to change the tempo at any time using the tap-tempo and BeatCounter features of Hydrogen. You can do this while the song is playing or while the song is stopped. To change the tempo, hit the , (comma) key in the tempo you want. After the correct number of keystrokes have been detected (see below for details), the tempo will change to the average tempo you tapped the comma key. If you continue to tap, these new taps will become a part of a rolling average. If you tap accidentally, or if you wait too long between taps, the tap tempo counter will start over.

The Tap Tempo is a part of the BeatCounter, which is essentially a Tap Tempo on steroids. By default the BeatCounter display is not visible. To see the BeatCounter widget click the upright button (BC) between Song/Pattern mode selector and the BPM-widget, or, simply press the comma key. (,).

The tempo that you tap will be considered even beats of the song's beat type. The beat type can be set to 1/8 (for eight-note beats), 1/4 (for quarter-note beats), 1/2 (for half-note beats), and 1/1 (for whole-note beats). To change the beat type use the left +/- buttons. To change the Countdown Counter value, use the right +/- buttons. The Countdown Counter value can be set between 2 and 16 beats. (I.e. if you set the beat to 6, you will have to tap 6 times before the new tempo is computed and set.) When the display shows an R, it means that the BeatCounter is ready to start from 0. When you tap the comma key, the R will change to 1, and will increment with every keystroke until it reaches the Countdown Counter value (shown just below the 'R').

Le bouton en bas à droite contrôle une fonctionnalité de démarrage automatique, et il bascule entre S et P. Lorsqu'il affiche P pour (Play, NdT : Jouer), le morceau va paramétrer le nouveau tempo et démarrera la lecture automatiquement après que vous ayez tapé le bon nombre de pulsation (s'il n'est pas déjà démarré, bien sûr). Ce faisant, si votre Compteur de Tempo est paramétré à 4/4, vous pouvez taper 1-2-3-4, et démarrer à la prochaine pulsation. Lorsqu'il affiche S (pour Set BPM, NdT : Paramétrer le BPM), le démarrage automatique est désactivé.

Par exemple : Supposons que vous ayez un groupe live, Hydrogen et un synthétiseur (qui est contrôlé par Seq24)... et que vous voulez qu'il démarre tous en même temps. Paramétrez le type de pulsation à 1/4 et le nombre de pulsation à 4. Activer le démarrage automatique (le bouton affiche P). Décomptez 1-2-3-4 (en tapant sur la touche virgule) — et tout le monde démarrera sur 1.

Un autre exemple : Même situation, mais le morceau ne nécessite pas Hydrogen ou les synthés avant un certain moment. Pendant ce temps, un humain (par exemple un guitariste) paramétrera le tempo. Sur la mesure avant qu'Hydrogen ne soit censé jouer, tappez la touche virgule 1-2-3-4 avec le tempo... et vous serez dedans au prochain tempo (au bon tempo).

Si vous utilisez le Transport JACK, le Compteur de Tempo continuera à fonctionner. Si un autre programme est le Maitre du JACK Transport, Hydrogen répondra au changement de tempo de cette application. Notez que dans cette situation, Hydrogen est supposé être un esclave, donc, certaines des fonctions du Compteur de Tempo seront désactivée ou ne fonctionneront pas correctement. Si Hydrogen est le Maitre du Transport JACK, les changements de tempo provenant d'Hydrogen seront reflétés dans ces programmes (s'il le supporte).

Certains des paramètres pour ajuster la compensation de latence du Compteur de Pulsation sont placés dans l'Onglet Général du dialogue des Préférences (voir Section 3.1 ). Ici, vous trouverez deux boites défilantes :

- Compensation en 1/10ms de la dérive du compteur — ajustement pour compenser la latence entre les clavier et le programme.

- Début en ms du compteur de battement — ajuste le temps entre la dernière impulsion entrée du Compteur de Pulsation et le moment où le morceau démarre (si le départ automatique est activé).

Notez qu'elles peuvent être paramétrées en valeurs positives (+) ou négatives (-). Afin de trouver les valeurs adéquates, vous devrez prendre un peu de temps pour jouer avec. Vous pourrez également vouloir des valeurs différentes en fonction de la vitesse de votre matériel, de vos périphériques audio, de vos pilotes, etc. L'utilisation du Compteur de Pulsation demande de la pratique.

## 5. Éditeur de morceau

The "Song Editor" (Figure 2.4) gives an overview of the whole timeline of the song (e.g. intro, verse, bridge, chorus and so on); each blue colored square on this panel represents a complete bar as shown in the underlying "Pattern Editor" panel. The song editor gives you complete freedom to add/remove patterns to the song and to move or copy any part of your song.

Figure 2.4. L'Éditeur de morceau

### 5.1. Main controls

- Effacer complètement tous les motifs (demande une confirmation !).

- Créer un nouveau motif (et demande son nom).

- Déplacer le motif actuellement sélectionné vers le haut ou le bas.

  Note that you can also just drag-and-drop a pattern up/down in the pattern list.

- Enable Select Mode. This mode allows you to select a part of the song and delete/move/copy it.

  Once you have selected a part of your song you can delete it by pressing the Delete button. You can move it by simply dragging your selection to another location, and you can also copy you selection by Ctrl-dragging it to a new location.

- Enable Draw Mode. This mode allows you to create a song by drawing blocks on the song canvas.

  Clicking a square on the song canvas will add a pattern (the square will turn blue), clicking it again will remove that pattern from the song.

- set Hydrogen to "Single pattern mode" or to "Stacked pattern mode".

  For more info on this see the SELECT_NEXT_PATTERN midi action in Section 10.

### 5.2. Tempo markers and song Tags

This section describes how you can define tempo changes and how you can add tags to your song.

The majority of songs consist of several parts (intro, verse, chorus ...) and often these parts will have a different tempo. Hydrogen provides an easy way to let you change the tempo of a song at any given moment in the song. This is done by adding Tempo change Markers to your song.

To add a Tempo change marker to your song you first need to enable the 'BPM' option (the BPM button is located just above the Song editors main controls). Once this is done the horizontal bar next to the BPM button changes to a ruler with marks at every bar. Now simply left-click this ruler at the bar you want the tempo to change and a window will pop up where you can enter the new tempo.

Once you have entered the new tempo and clicked OK, the tempo change will show up on the tempo ruler. If you click the Tempo marker again you can edit the tempo, change the bar or delete the tempo marker.

In addidtion to changing the tempo when the song switches from intro > verse, it is also very handy to have a clear indication of this tempo switch (or any other event in the song). For this purpose you can also ad Tags markers to the song. These Tags are short text messages you can add to your song at any given moment that will be displayed whenever the song playhead passes by that Tag.

To add a Tag to your song simply middle-click on the song ruler (just below the tempo ruler) and a window will pop up where that allows you to add text for any bar.

Once you are done you will see a small blue 'T' in the song ruler for every tag you have entered. Middle-click anywhere on the song ruler to edit the tags.

Now all we need is a way to see the tags we have entered. This can be done using the Director window. Open the Director by pressing Alt-D, or Tools- Director :

The Director is your best friend when you need a quick overview of what Hydrogen is currently doing. This comes in very handy when you are recording a song, or if you are using Hydrogen live on stage.

The Director shows you the song name, a visual metronome and of course the song Tags. Just below the metronome you can see the latest tag, and below that the next upcoming tag. This way you have a nice overview of what is going on, and what is about to happen in the song

### 5.3. Patterns options

Right-clicking the name of a pattern will show you a menu where you can change a number of things :

Figure 2.5. The Pattern Options menu

- Edit : will open the selected pattern in the Pattern Editor.

- Copy : will copy the selected pattern to a new pattern in your song.

  Note that patterns with the same name are not allowed.

- Delete : will completely remove the selected pattern from the song.

- Fill/Clear : will open a window that allows you to fill/clear a part of the song with the selected pattern by entering the start- and end bar.

- Properties : will open a window where you can change the name of the pattern and also assign it to a certain category.

  Note that you can choose one of the existing categories from the dropdown list, but you can also enter a new category name in the Pattern Category box.

- Load Pattern : will open the selected pattern in the Pattern Editor.

- Save Pattern : will open the selected pattern in the Pattern Editor.

- Virtual Pattern : will open the selected pattern in the Pattern Editor.

  Virtual patterns are a convenient way of grouping patterns together. For example, say you have a song in which three patterns are always played together at the start of each bar. Previously, the way to do this in the pattern matrix was to explicitly enable the three patterns at each bar.

  With virtual patterns we can assign a pattern to be a sort of meta-pattern that implicitly invokes these three patterns together when the new virtual pattern is enabled in the pattern matrix. This way, we only need to set one pattern every bar, instead of three.

  Virtual patterns provide a function that's similar to the regular pattern editor, and one could argue that since a virtual pattern is also a regular pattern, we could have just merged the three patterns into this new one. However, the advantage that virtual patterns provide is that if one of the original three patterns changes, the virtual pattern automatically inherits the change. A virtual pattern can also invoke other virtual patterns.

### 5.4. Exporting your song

Once your song is finished you can export it to an audio file. This audio file can then be played on your favorite media player or imported in an other audio application.

To do this, go to Project - "Export song" and the following window will pop up:

Figure 2.6. Export a song

To export a song you need to do 3 things:

- Enter a name and location for the export file in the 'Export filename' field

- Select one of the available templates (e.g. CD, DAT ...) according to your needs: each template has a specific bitrate, resolution, and audio format (WAV, AIFF, FLAC or OGG). You can tweak the selected template using the samplerate/sampledepth dropdown boxes underneath the template field.

- Export mode: 'Export to a single track' will export 1 stereo downmix of your song (= the master output). 'Export to separate tracks' will create files for each instrument/track. 'Both' will create a stereo downmix + audio files for all individual instruments.

Once all these settings have been configured all you need to do is click the 'Export' button and Hydrogen will generate the requested files.

### Note

If you have tempo changes in your song (see Section 5.2) these tempo changes will not be exported. This is a know limitation of the current versions (including 0.9.6)

As a workaround you can record the output of Hydrogen with an audio recording application (like Ardour, Qtractor ...)

## 6. Éditeur de motif

The "Pattern Editor" allows you to create or modify the selected pattern by adding/removing notes and tunning a number of per-note properties like velocity and pan. The Pattern Editor can be used in 2 modes : 'Drum' mode or 'Piano' mode. You can switch between these modes by clicking the Drum/Piano button (located on the top-right of the Pattern Editor)

### Note

- If you are editing a pattern in Single Pattern Mode you will always hear the pattern you are editing when you press play.

- If you are working in Stacked Pattern Mode you will hear the active pattern(s), not necessarily the pattern you are currently editing. (The active patterns have a small triangle next to the pattern name in the Song Editor).

Premièrement, jettons un coup d'oeil a mode 'Drum' (le classique) :

Figure 2.7. Éditeur de Motif en mode Drum

### 6.1. Contrôles de l'Éditeur de Motif

La partie du haut de l'éditeur de motif contient plusieurs contrôles :

Figure 2.8. Contrôles de l'Éditeur de Motif

De la gauche vers la droite :

- SIZE : vous laisse choisir la taille (NdT : size) du motif (le nombre de mesures)

- RES : c'est la résolution de la grille courante (de 4 à 64)

  Souvenez-vous de cette contrainte à propos de la grille : si vous travaillez avec une résolution de 16, vous ne pouvez pas passer à une résolution de 8 et enlever un 16ème de note. D'un autre côté, si vous travaillez avec une résolution de 8 et que vous essayez d'insérer une note entre 2 barres (en cherchant une précision de 16ème), les notes seront placées au prochain ou au précédent 8ème de mesure. Cette contrainte peut être supprimée si vous désactivez entièrement la résolution de grille (choisissez "off" dans le contrôle LCD de résolution de la grille). Ainsi, vous serez capable de placer les notes exactement là où vous le voulez.

- HEAR : quand il est activé, Hydrogen jouera l'échantillon quand il est ajouté au motif.

- QUANT : active/désactive la quantification. Lorsqu'il est activé, les pulsations insérées respecteront automatiquement le résolution de la grille actuellement appliquée.

- Drumset / Instrument : when set to Drumset the keys on your midi keyboard will map to the instruments in your drumkit as described in the instrument mapping table below. If you set it to Instrument the keys of your midi keyboard will trigger the instrument that is currently selected. The pitch of the instrument will follow the key you press on your keyboard. This feature is mainly used for non-drum instruments. An example : if you use a sample of a piano for one of your instruments, you will be able to 'play' that piano instrument using your keyboard just like you are playing a piano synth.

- Durée de note / Note off : il y a 2 manières différentes de définir la durée d'une note. Voir Section 6.3 pour l'utilisation.

- Drum/Piano : basculer l'Éditeur de Motif entre les modes Drum et Piano. (voir plus bas)

### 6.2. Kit de batterie de l'Éditeur de Motif

The section on the left shows you what drumkit is currently selected (GMkit by default) and below that you can see the instruments that are part of this kit.

Chaque instrument possède ses propres capacités de fonctionnalités qui sont accessibles en cliquant-droit sur l'instrument. Depuis le menu contextuel qui apparait, vous pouvez sélectionner

- Effacer les notes : pour effacer toutes les notes du motif, pour cet intrument.

- Remplir de notes : ceci vous permet de remplir le motif avec des notes de l'instrument sélectionné. Suivant le choix que vous avez fait (remplir tout, remplir 1/2, remplir 1/4 ...) les notes sertont placées partout, 1/2, 1/4, etc sur le position de notes qui sont permises par la configuration de la grille. Donc, soyez prudent de ne pas mélanger les 1/2 note 'musicale' et les 1/2-note 'de remplissage'.

- Vélocité aléatoire : applique automatiquement une vélocité pseudo-hasardeuse à chaque note de cet instrument dans le motif. Plus vous sélectionnez une vélocité élevée dans l'instrument, plus Hydrogen jouera « fort » de cet instrument lorsqu'il sera joué.

- Effacer l'Instrument : et bien ... , efface l'instrument ;-)

Les petits boutons rouge et vert à d'autre du nom de l'instrument sont les boutons « muet » (rouge) et « solo » (vert).

The order of the instruments can be rearranged by simply dragging an instrument up/down in the list and dropping it on a new position within the drumkit. Doing so will not change anything to the sequence you have created for that instrument, nor will it change anything to the song or pattern you are working on. It will however, have an impact on the MIDI note mapping : in the table below you can find the link between the instrument position, the MIDI note and the qwerty keyboard keys.

Notes Importantes :

Le nom de l'instrument dépend du kit de batterie qui est chargé. Cette liste ci-dessous renvoie au GMkit qui est chargé par défaut.

Try to follow the GM midi standard as accurately as possible. This will ensure that switching between drumkits goes smoothly. You are of course free to place your instruments anywhere in your drumkit, and sometimes it isn't even possible to follow the GM standard, but it makes life a lot easier if you do.

Gardez en tête que c'est la position de l'instrument (dans le kit de batterie chargé) qui est lié à la note-MIDI/touche-clavier et pas le nom de l'instrument.

Here's a quick reference of the above bindings for your convenience.

### 6.3. Zone de Séquence de l'Éditeur de Motif

c'est ici que tout arrive, c'est ici que vous pouvez faire de la musique :-)

Dans cette zone, vous pouvez voir votre motif sélectionné et ajouter ds notes pour n'importe quel instrument. La façon la plus simple de créer un motif est d'ajouter des notes en utilisant votre souris (et la fonction 'Remplir/Effacer les notes' décrite ci-dessus). Les endroits où vous pouvez ajouter des notes dépendent de la taille (NdT : SIZE) et de la résolution (NdT : RES.) utilisés dans ce motif.

Si vous utilisez Hydrogen comme une pure 'batterie', vous voulez juste qu'Hydrogen 'frappe' l'instrument partout où il y a une point dans le motif. Si vous utilisez Hydrogen comme un 'instrument', la durée de la note devient vraiment importante. Il y a 2 manière de définir la durée de la note : dans le mode 'Durée de Note', vous pouvez ajouter une note en cliquant-gauche, et vous pouvez 'étirer' cette note en cliquant-droit puis en la déplaçant. Ceci changera le point en un rectangle qui représente la durée de cette note. Dans le mode 'Note Off', vous pouvez aussi ajouter une note en cliquant-gauche, mais un cli-droit ajoutera maintenant un point bleu qui représente la fin de la note.

(La figure ci-dessous, de gauche vers la droite : note, une note en mode 'durée de note', une note en mode 'note off')

Jusqu'ici nous avons seulement employé la souris pour créer un motif, mais vous pouvez également enregistrer vos beats en cliquant sur le bouton 'Enregistrer' (voir Section 3) et simplement jouer votre motif sur votre batterie MIDI ou votre clavier PC. (voir le mappage d'instrument ci-dessus). C'est probablement un moyen plus musical de créer des motif, mais c'est à vous de décider ce qui fonctionne le mieux pour vous. (Voir aussi Chapitre 3 pour un passage en revue del a façon dont fonctionne l'Éditeur de Motif)

### 6.4. Propriétés de la Note de l'Éditeur de Motif

Cliquez sur un instrument, ou ajouter/supprimer une note à côté, sélectionnera cet instrument. Une fois qu'un instrument est sélectionné, les propriétés de la note pour cet instrument seront affichées suivant des lignes verticales dans la fenêtre du dessous. Les lignes représentent la valeur de la propriété sélectionnée de chaque note de l'instrument sélectionné. Vous pouvez sélectionner une autre propriété de la note depuis la liste déroulante (située en bas à gauche). Il y a 4 propriétés de note disponibles :

- Vélocité : à quelle puissance la note est jouée (le volume de la note)

  Notez que la couleur de la note-point et la barre verticale changeront en fonction de la vélovité que vous avez définie. Une nuance légère de gris signifie une faible vélocité (faible volume) et plus vous sélectionnez une véolcité forte, plus la couleur sera foncée, devenant rouge lorsque vous atteindrez le point de saute-de-son (NdT : clipping).

- Pan : avec ce paramétre, vous pouvez définir l'image stéréo de la note (de combien le poid sera dans les sorties droite ou/et gauche)

- Lead/Lag : Lead and Lag allows a slight note lead or lag in respect of the actual beat. The range is ca. 5 ticks which equals around ca. 10 ms at a tempo of 120bpm. Changing the lead/lag can make a huge difference to the way your pattern sounds and feels. It's a groove thing ;-)

- Touche : si vous sélectionnez ce paramètre de note, la zone où vous pouvez modifier le paramètre changera en un 'clavier piano'

  The striped black and white area represents a piano keyboard and in the gray area you can choose the octave. By placing a dot on the octave scale and a dot on the 'keyboard' you can choose any note.

### 6.5. Mode Piano de l'Éditeur de Motif

Le mode Batterie (voir Figure 2.7), met l'accent sur l'utilisation d'Hydrogen comme une boite à rythme. Si vous utilisez Hydrogen comme un instrument, il y a de grande chance que le mode Piano soit pour vous. Il vous donnera un 'clavier-piano' complet et vous pourrez donc facilement inscrire vos envies.

Vous pouvez comparer le mode Piano aux propriétés des Notes des touches (décrites au dessus), seulement si vous avez un clavier piano complet, car vous n'avez pas besoin de commencer par sélectionner l'octave.

Figure 2.9. L'Éditeur de Motif en mode Piano

## 7. Mixeur

The Mixer window can be opened by pressing Alt+M, by clicking Mixer in the Tools menu, or by clicking the Mixer button on the main toolbar.

The Mixer consists of 3 sections (left >right) : the instrument channel strips, the FX plugin rack and the master fader section. The Hydrogen Mixer works very much like a hardware mixer does : it lets you set the volume, pan, FX and several other things for every instrument.

Figure 2.10. Le Mixeur

### 7.1. Instrument channel strips

From top to bottom : the 2 top elements on the strip are a 'play' button / 'trig' led combination. ( ) The play button lets you trigger the instrument at maximum velocity (handy for checking clipping), and the trig led lights up whenever this instrument is triggered (from the song sequence, or by an external midi controller). Right of this button/led you will find another led that shows you what instrument is currently selected. This is also the instrument that is selected in the pattern editor. As soon as you change one of the settings of a channel strip the instrument will be selected.

Just below you can find the Mute and Solo buttons and the Pan(orama) knob. Note that the Mute and Solo states are also reflected in the Song editor.

Next are 4 pre-fader FX send knobs that determine how much of this instrument will be sent to the effect plugins in the FX rack.

Just below that you can find an LCD peak-value display, and finally the volume fader and VU meter for that instrument.

IMPORTANT NOTE : keep in mind that the volume and pan settings that you find on the Mixer are global settings. The per-note velocity and pan settings in the Pattern editor are settings that are relative to the settings in the Mixer window !

### 7.2. FX rack and LADSPA plugins

The FX rack has 4 bays where you can load a LADSPA effect plugin, but before you can load any plugins these must be installed (surprised ? ;-)

There are dozens of plugins available for download from various sources :

- SWH-Plugins available at http://plugin.org.uk.

  (Note : if you want to compile these plugins you need the FFTW tarball from http://www.fftw.org)

- CMT available at http://www.ladspa.org.

- TAP available at http://tap-plugins.sf.net.

- Calf plugins http://calf.sourceforge.net/.

- ....

### Plugins Kill

A badly designed LADSPA plugin is capable of hanging, crashing, freezing, screeching, overflowing buffers, and even phoning home. If you start having issues with Hydrogen, disable your plugins and see if things improve. Some plugins are not designed for real-time use, and some are just plain better than others.

Once you have installed some plugins you can select one by clicking the button. (if you do not see the FX rack, make sure that the button (in the Master section) is enabled)

Now the FX selector window will pop up :

Figure 2.11. Select an Effect

Once you have selected a plugin you will immediately have access to its parameters:

You can select another plugin by clicking the 'Select FX' button. If you quickly want to enable/disable the effect click the 'Deactivate' button (or the Bypass ( ) button in the FX rack). This can be handy for a quick A/B comparison.

After you have selected the FX and tweaked it's parameters you can use the FX return knob to increase/decrease how much of this FX will be returned to the master output.

### 7.3. Master section

The Master section contains the Master volume fader with VU meters and three global Humanize settings for Velocity, Timing and Swing (in order to add a 'human feel' to the song):

- Velocity : adds a certain randomness to the note velocity. The higher you turn this knob, the more the velocity will be randomized.

- Timing : adds a certain randomness to the note timing (lead/lag). The higher you turn this knob, the more the timing will be randomized.

- Swing : this knob will add a certain amount of swing to the song.

Note that Hydrogen can also be switched to 'per instrument output' mode (see Section 3.2), and in this mode all channel strip outputs will be available in Jack (not just the Master output). This allows you to route the individual instruments directly into any other Jack enabled application (eg Ardour) and gives you a lot more flexibility.

On the bottom-right of the Master section the 'FX' button will show/hide the FX rack, and the 'Peak' button will enable/disable the VU meters.

### Note

The VU meter fall off speed can be configured in the preferences window (see Section 3.4)

## 8. Sound Library (Drumkit/Pattern/Song Manager)

First of all a little history on the Sound library and Drumkits. Hydrogen began as a dedicated drum machine but has evolved into a versatile sound synthesizer/sequencer that is capable of generating and manipulating all sorts of sounds. Hence the original "Drumkit" terminology is slightly misleading. You can load any kind of sound into a "Drumkit" and manipulate that sound just like playing a regular synthesizer. This is also the main reason why the Piano mode was added to the pattern editor (see Section 6.5).

In this manual (and in other documentation) "Drumkit" and "Soundlibrary" frequently mean the same thing, but not always. The diagram below shows the actual relation between the Soundlibrary and Drumkits:

Figure 2.12. Soundlibrary/Drumkit hierarchy

As you can see the Soundlibrary contains all Drumkits (System and User drumkits), your saved Patterns and your saved Songs. Each Drumkit is a collection of a number of instruments (snare, kick, sampled voice, bass sound ...) and in its turn an instrument can consist of multiple layered samples. Note that every block has a number of parameters (continue reading for more details).

This said. let's take a look at the Soundlibrary interface and see what it can do for you:

The Sound Library saves you time in managing your drum kits, favourite patterns, and favourite songs. When making new songs and new drum kits, it allows you to reuse and mix the instruments and patterns from other kits and songs.

Figure 2.13. The Soundlibrary

### 8.1. Kit de Batterie Système

This lists the drumkits that were installed by your system administrator. The location of these System Drumkits is determined by the compile-time prefix. On Unix-like operating systems, this is usually `/usr/share/hydrogen/data/drumkits`, or possibly `/usr/local/share/hydrogen/data/drumkits`. These kits are available to all users on the system, and users are usually not able to add to them.

Pour charger un Kit de Batterie depuis là, cliquez-droit sur le kit de batterie et sélectionnez Charger. Ceci remplacera votre kit de batterie actuel avec celui que vous avez sélectionné. Pour charger un seul instrument depuis ce kit, cliquez-gauche sur le plus à gauche du nom du kit de batterie pour afficher tous les instruments. Avec le bouton gauche de votre souris, cliquez et tirez l'instrument dans vote kit de batterie. L'instrument sera ajouté au kit de batterie que vous avez actuellement chargé.

### 8.2. (Adding) User Drumkits

These are your own drum kits that you can manage yourself. They are usually stored in `$HOME/.hydrogen/data/drumkits`. When you are creating a new drumkit, you can save it here by selecting Instruments → Save library.

You can import existing drumkits from other users via Instruments → Import library. The Import window will pop up with the Internet tab selected. By default the link to the drumkit list (on hydrogen-music.org) will be filled in, and after pressing the 'Update list' button you will get a complete list of all drumkits that are available for download. In the status column you can see if a kit is installed or not.

Figure 2.14. Import Drumkit

If you select one of the drumkits you will see info about this kit in the right pane of the Import window: name, description, author and also the license type.

### Avertissement

If you are using Hydrogen for commercial purposes, (creating songs and selling these on-line or in any other way) you need to pay special attention to the license type of the drumkit(s) you are using.

If the exact license is not available for a drumkit, do _NOT_ assume that it is a CC (or other open and free license type).

Even if the kit is CC licensed you should always check with the author before using the kit in your songs.

DISCLAIMER : hydrogen is not responsible for the drumkits that are made available for download by our users, either via the hydrogen-music.org site or via any other channel.

You can install a drumkit by selecting it and clicking 'Download and Install'.

Once the kit has been downloaded it will be available in the Sound Library under "User drumkits".

### 8.3. Songs in the Sound Library

To save songs in the Sound Library, put them in your data directory underneath the `songs` folder (usually `$HOME/.hydrogen/data/songs)`. To remove them, remove the file from that folder.

### 8.4. Patterns in the Sound Library

Before you save a pattern to the sound library, be sure to give it a title and a category. Right-click on the pattern, select "Properties" and enter the details. You can use one of the categories already provided, or create your own categories by simply typing in a category name. The category name is important, because the patterns will be filed by category in the Sound Library.

You can add a pattern to the sound library by right clicking the title of the pattern in the song editor, and selecting "Save Pattern". It will now appear in the Sound Library underneath "Patterns" and the category that you assigned to the pattern.

## 9. Drumkits and Instrument Editing

### 9.1. Concepts

The synthesizer in Hydrogen is a sample-based synthesizer. A sample is a piece of pre-recorded audio (usually between 0.1 sec and 3 sec). To play a note, the sample is simply played back at the right time. There are a few concepts and terms that you should understand when you are putting together a drumkit. (See Glossary for more detailed explanations.)

Sampling Synthesizer Terms

Sample

  A short recording of a sound, typically between 0.1 and 3.0 seconds long.

Gain

  Volume adjustment.

Velocity

  How hard you hit a note.

ADSR Envelope Generator

  An Attack/Decay/Sustain/Release envelope generator. After you trigger a note, Hydrogen will attack the note by increasing its volume from 0 to the full velocity of the note. After reaching full velocity, it will decay the note by lowering the volume until it reaches the sustain level. When the note is released, Hydrogen reduces the volume from the sustain level back down to 0. See ADSR Envelope for more info

Attack

  The amount of time to go from 0 to full velocity.

Decay

  The amount of time to go from full velocity to the sustain volume.

Sustain

  The level (how loud) to hold the note between the sustain and the release. It is a percentage of the velocity. It does not depend on time.

Release

  The amount of time to go from the sustain volume back down to 0.

Typical samples that are used in Hydrogen are: the sound of a single drum hit, the sound of a single cymbal hit, the sound of a single cowbell hit. Whenever you put a note in the pattern (or play a note using MIDI), Hydrogen will play whatever sound you have loaded. So, to put together a drum kit you need to gather short recordings of the bass drum, each tom, each cymbal, the high hat open, the high hat closed, the snare drum (snare on), the snare drum (snare off), rim shots, etc.

However, there are no rules about what a sample can be. It's not uncommon to use Hydrogen to trigger non-drum sounds like: audio clips of people talking, a clip from a song, sound effects, audio clips from movies, and famous people speaking. Be creative!

### 9.2. Creating a New Drumkit

In the next paragraphs we will show you how to create a complete drumkit. Keeping in mind the 'Soundlibrary hierarchy' (see Figure 2.12) we will use a top-down approach, so we will start at the Drumkit level and work our way down to the samples.

Creating a new drumkit with Hydrogen is done with the Instrument Editor. You can load samples, set envelope parameters, set the gain, and other advanced features like mute groups, a low-pass resonance filter, and pitch randomization.

TIP : Instead of creating your own drumkit, you can also use or download existing drumkits using the Section 8.

Lets make a brand new drum kit :

- select Instruments → "Clear All" . This will give you a bank of 32 blank instruments. To delete instruments, right-click on on each instrument and select "Delete Instrument". To add more instruments, select Instruments → "Add instrument" .

- Select an instrument to start editing it. This is done by left-clicking on the name of the instrument in the instrument list (at the left). You will notice that the name of the instrument in the Instrument Editor matches the one that you clicked.

- Once you have your drum kit working the way you want, select Instruments → "Save library" . You will be prompted for the name of the kit to save. If you wish to overwrite an existing kit, you will need to type in the same name as the kit that you want to replace.

- Drumkits are automatically stored in the `data` directory (i.e. `$HOME/.hydrogen/data/drumkits`).

- To export a drumkit (for sharing with others), it must first be loaded into your Sound Library. Then, select Instruments → "Export library" from the menu. Select the drum kit that you wish to export, and give it a file name to save it to.

### 9.3. Instrument Parameters

In the instrument editor, click on the General button. Here you can adjust several parameters that apply to the instrument (applies to all layers as well).

Figure 2.15. The Instrument editor General view

The parameters are:

- Envelope parameters: Attack, Decay, Sustain, Release. (See Envelope Generator)

- Gain: The overall volume of the instrument.

- Mute Group: Which mute group this instrument is a member of (see Mute Group).

- Filter Parameters: Bypass, Cutoff, Resonance.

- Random Pitch

- Midi out Channel and Note

- Auto Stop-Note

It's important that you understand Section 9.1 in order to continue on.

#### 9.3.1. Envelope Parameters

When the instrument is triggered, its volume is run through an ADSR Envelope. The parameters operate as follows:

- Attack — the amount of time that the volume of the sample goes from 0 to the full velocity of the note. If the value is 0, the sample will play immediately at full velocity. If the value is 1.0, the sample volume will use the maximum time available for the attack parameter. [1]

- Decay — the amount of time for the volume of the sample to go from full velocity down to the sustain volume. If the value is 0, the sample will immediately skip from the attack volume to the sustain volume. If the value is 1.0, the sample volume will use the maximum time available for the decay parameter.[1]

- Sustain — the volume to play the note after the decay phase is over, and until the note is released. If set to 0, the note will be silent. If set to 1.0, the note will play at full velocity.

- Release — the time to fade out the note from the sustain volume back down to 0 (silent). If set to 0, the note will fade out in the minimum amount of time (about 5 ms). If set to 1, it will fade out for the maximum time available.[1]

If the sample is shorter than the times that you specify, the sample will end, regardless of which phase of the ADSR it is in. If the note is sustained, it does not draw out the note while you are holding it. It only holds the gain (volume) parameter during that time.

#### 9.3.2. Gain and Mute Group

The gain sets the overall volume for the sample. This gain is applied after the gain that you set for the layer, and before the gain that is set for the mixer. If the Gain is 0, the instrument will be silent. If the gain is 1.0 the volume of the samples will not be adjusted (i.e. 0 dB). If the gain is set higher, the samples will be amplified.

### Avertissement

It is very easy to set the Gain too high, causing your sample to clip. Remember to test the gain with full-velocity notes. If you clip your signal here, it will only get worse as Hydrogen processes it.

Hydrogen provides more mute groups than you know what to do with (over 256). A mute group is a grouping of instruments that are mutually exclusive — only one instrument may be playing at any time. If one is playing and another instrument in the group is triggered, it will immediately silence (mute) and start playing the other instrument. This is useful, especially, for instruments like hi-hats where the open sound and the closed sound are different instruments.

If the mute group is set to "Off", then the instrument is not part of any mute grouping. If the mute group is set to any number, then that is the group that the instrument is a part of. To set other instruments into the same grouping, set their mute group parameter to the same number. (For example, to group all the high-hat instruments, you can set all their mute group parameters to 1. To have a snare drum mute group, set their mute group parameters to 2.)

#### 9.3.3. Filter and Random Pitch

The filter is a low-pass resonance filter. If you don't wish to use is, click the BYPass button so that it's red. If it's not red, then the filter is active. The cutoff parameter adjusts the cutoff frequency for the filter. The resonance parameter adjusts how much to resonate the cutoff frequency. If the resonance is set to 0, then the filter is just a simple low-pass filter.

### Note

The cutoff frequency of the filter varies with the sample rate of your audio card. The range of the knob (0 to 1.0) is optimized for a 48,000 kHz sample rate.

The random pitch parameter allows you to randomly vary the pitch of the sample every time it is triggered. The value is set between 0 and 1.0. The pitch change is fairly small: ±2 half-steps × value. Using this sparingly can help your sequences to sound more like a real drummer.

#### 9.3.4. Midi out settings

Hydrogen is capable of generating midi messages that you can use to trigger any external midi device or application. To do this you simply need to configure the Midi out channel and Note for every instrument. As you can see this is a very flexible approach that enables you to trigger samples or sounds from multiple devices and/or apps. Finally you need to make sure the proper Midi routing/wiring is in place and you're set.

From now on every time a note is played for that instrument (in the Hydrogen sequencer) a midi message will be sent to your external app/device and trigger a sound. This way you can use Hydrogen as a pure sequencer for other apps, or combine the internal Hydrogen sampler with multiple external apps/devices.

#### 9.3.5. Auto Stop-Note

If this box is checked Hydrogen will immediately stop any playing sample that belongs to this instrument whenever the instrument is re-triggered.

This option is particularly useful when you are using long samples like a crash or some existing audio that you have sampled (like a looped voice in a dance/electro song) For the crash you will need to use the Auto Stop-Note when you are sequencing multiple notes in fast succession and want to make it sound realistic. If you do not check this option the cymbal will start to sound like multiple cymbals instead of only one (since the sample of each individual hit will be played completely). For the voice sample this option is useful if you are trying to get that 'stuttering' effect.

### 9.4. Creating an Instrument and Layers

For each instrument in a drum kit, you can load several samples and set different synthesizer parameters. This section will step you through how to create a new instrument and load the samples.

To begin creating an instrument, select Instruments → Add instrument. This will give you a blank instrument to start from.

Now, you need two samples. Any .WAV or .FLAC file will do. Hydrogen provides several in the `data/drumkits` directory.

In the instrument editor, click on Layers. You can layer several samples into the instrument. Which one is played depends on the velocity of the incoming note. Click Load Layer and point the Audio File Browser to your sample. Note that the Audio File Browser will allow you to preview the sample before you load it. It will also allow you to load more than one sample at a time. But for now, only load one.

After you load the sample, you'll see that there is now a 1 at the top, and the topmost rectangle has turned light blue. To load a second sample, click the slot just below it, and then click Load Layer to bring in another sample.

After bringing in both samples, you'll probably notice that only the first sample is being played whenever you trigger the instrument. This is because you need to set the velocity ranges for the layers. Move your mouse to the sides of the light blue rectangles and you see that you get a left-right drag cursor. Now drag the sample to the left or right (like a curtain). You will now see Layer 2 appear.

Figure 2.16. The Instrument editor Layers view

The velocity setting for the layer is 0-velocity on the left, and full velocity on the right. Set up Layer 1 to sound for soft notes, and Layer 2 to sound for hard notes (i.e. Layer 1 on the left and Layer 2 on the right).

Now, in the pattern area, set up a simple pattern that plays this instrument. Adjust the velocity settings on each note so that you can get the different samples to sound. Now set the pattern to loop and notice how your different samples are getting triggered. (To learn about editing a pattern, see Section 6)

For each layer, you can set the Gain and the Pitch. The pitch also has a Fine adjustment.

Use the Gain adjustment to control how loud the sample will play. This is necessary because it's extremely difficult to get a set of samples that all sound at about the same volume. By adjusting here, the samples that were recorded too quietly can be turned up to match your loud samples (that had to be turned down).

### Avertissement

It is very easy to set the Gain too high, causing your sample to clip. Remember to test the gain with full-velocity notes. If you clip your signal here, it will only get worse as Hydrogen processes it.

The pitch of the sample can be modified with the pitch controls. The Pitch knob adjust the pitch in musical half-steps. (So, -12 is down 1 octave). The pitch on the right adjusts the pitch ±50 cents. (One half-step is 100 cents.)

### Note

The pitch is adjusted by playing the sample back faster or slower. This is called the Doppler Effect. So, if you have a 1-second sample that you turn down -12 (1 octave), your sample will only last for .5-seconds. If you do not want this to happen you should use rubberband instead (see Section 9.5.2)

You can hear the sample in a layer by clicking the layer id (just below the 'General' and 'Layers' buttons) and the 'Delete Layer' button will delete the currently selected layer.

### 9.5. Sample Editor

So far we have created a multilayered Drumkit, set a number of instrument parameters, played with velocity settings and so on. Now it's time to go one step deeper and edit the samples using one of the newest Hydrogen features: the Sample Editor.

The Sample Editor allows you to tweak and manipulate your samples. This is a function that will really speed up the creation of a drumkit since you can do the fine-tunning of the sample within Hydrogen. In pre-0.9.5 builds the typical workflow would be to prepare your sample in an external sound editor, import the sample in Hydrogen, test it, go back to the audio editor, import again, test ... The sample editor allows you to do most of the sample manipulation within Hydrogen. This mean less switching between Hydrogen and your audio editor and more time to make music !

### Note

The changes you make to your samples in the Sample Editor are non-destructive and are saved per song. So the original sample will not be changed, and you can reuse the same sample in multiple songs with different Sample Editor settings.

Figure 2.17. The Sample Editor

The Sample Editor consists of 3 sections (as indicated in the figure above):

#### 9.5.1. Sample Editor in/out points

In this section you can set the start, stop and loop points for the sample by dragging the the 3 markers:

- S-marker (green) : indicates the Start-point (in-point) of the sample.

- E-marker (red) : indicates the End-point (out-point) of the sample.

- L-marker (blue) : determines the loop-in point of your sample

You can easily move one of the markers by grabbing them close to the letter that marks them. Whenever you grab one of the markers you will see a detail view of the position of that marker on the second (smaller) window on the right, making it easy to find the zero-crossings in the sample. This detail window also has a slider next to it that allows you to zoom in and out on the vertical axis. Think of it as a sort of volume 'zoom'.

Underneath these 2 windows you can find (from left >right) : the position of the Start marker, the position of the Loop marker, the Loop mode, the number of loops and the position of the End marker. The position of the markers is expressed in number of samples from the very beginning of the sample. These values will change if you drag the markers, but you can also fine-tune the marker position by using the up/down arrows of the spinboxes, the up/down keys on your keyboard, or by using your mouse scroll wheel while hovering above the spinboxes.

Apart from the marker positions there are 2 settings that apply to the Sample Editor's loop function: loop mode and loop number. With the loop function you can repeat the part of your sample that is in between the Loop- and the End-marker. The way it is looped is determined by the Loop mode (forward, revers or ping-pong) and the number of times it is looped is determined by the Loop number.

If you want to hear a preview of the tweaking you have done so far, you first need to press the 'Apply Changes' button (@ the bottom of section 3) and then the Play button to hear the result.

#### 9.5.2. Sample Editor rubberband

This section of the Sample Editor allows you to control the Rubberband settings. Rubberband is a tool that can change the tempo of a sample without changing the sample's pitch (and vice versa).

If you are using Ubuntu you can install rubberband from the Software Center (rubberband-cli). For other linux distros check your package manager. For other platforms please check the rubberband site . After installing rubberband you should check if the path to the rubberband cli is configured correctly (see Section 3.1).

If rubberband is installed correctly you will have access to the rubberband settings, and an extra button named 'RUB' will be available in the Main Toolbar, right of the BPM LCD display:

Back to the rubberband settings :

- Sample length to beat : when set to 'off', rubberband functionality is disabled. Normally this parameter should be set to the length of the part of the sample between the Start and End marker, expressed in number of beats.

- Pitch : this setting allows you to change the pitch of the sample, expressed in semitones,cent.

- Crispness : this setting does not affect tempo or pitch, but changes the way the sample sounds.

Note: If you want Hydrogen to recalculate the sample length on the fly (using rubberband) you must enable the 'RUB' button (see figure above).

#### 9.5.3. Sample Editor volume/pan

In the bottom section of the Sample Editor you can see the end result of the tweaks you have made by pressing the Apply Changes button. You can also change the the Volume and Panorama (Pan) of your sample here. This is done by creating 'envelopes' like the ones you find in numerous DAW's for automation. To edit an envelope you first need to select 'Volume' or 'Panorama'in the upper right corner of section 3. The Volume envelope is blue, and the pan envelope is yellow. Left clicking in the bottom window will ad a node to an envelope and also allows you to drag an existing node. Right-clicking a node will delete it. Don't forget to Apply Changes before you play your tweaked sample.

### 9.6. Tips on Editing Instruments

With all of the different parameters available to tweak, it can be difficult to set up something that sounds nice when you're done. Here are a few tips on setting up an instrument:

Turn down the gain. Every gain knob (i.e. an amplifier), this is a gain stage. With every gain stage you have, it's easy to overdrive your signal — which means the signal gets distorted by clipping. In addition, if you have two samples that, by themselves, peg your meters — what do you think happens when you combine them? That's right, you overdrive the signal again.

If things sound bad and distorted, start by turning down the gain setting on the layer... especially if it's larger than 1.0. Then turn down the instrument gain. Then any gain on a LADSPA effect. Then the fader on the mixer. Then the master output fader.

Test samples at full velocity. Your sample will be played louder if the velocity is higher. So, if you set everything to sound nice and full with velocity at 0.7, what will happen when you get a full velocity of 1.0? (Hint: clipping.)

Try to use samples that are -6 dB max. Visually, this means samples that peak at only 1/2 of full scale. Otherwise, turn your layer gain to about .5.

Remove all DC offsets from the sample. In a sample editor, there is usually a line down the center of your sample's waveform. This is the zero-line. The beginning of your sample should be on this line. The end of your sample should also be on this line. However, if your signal is a little above or a little below this line, you will hear a click at the beginning and the end of your sample whenever it is played. If your sample editor doesn't provide any tools to fix a DC offset problem, you can eliminate the noise by putting a slight fade-in/out at the ends of your sample.

The ADSR will not be longer than your sample. If you have a short sample, it doesn't matter how long you set the attack and delay — the sample will stop playing at the end.

Things change with the sample rate. If you have a really nice setup with all your parameters painstakenly tweaked... things will change if you change the sample rate of your audio card. Many of Hydrogen's internal settings and parameters are based on how many samples go by, not on how many seconds go by. The sorts of things that change are: anything time-base (like attack and release) and anything frequency based (like the cutoff frequency).

## 10. Midi

In this section you can find more info about defining MIDI actions and how they can be useful for you. Before you can work with midi actions you should have your Midi devices, drivers and connections configured correctly (see Section 3.3).

Lets take a look at the available options :

### 10.1. Midi Events

An Event is an incoming Midi message, coming from a MIDI controller or an external sequencer.

If you look at the Events list you will see that there are 3 types of Events available (as described in the Midi standard):

- NOTE: input coming from a regular black/white key of a keyboard or a drumpad

- CC: controller commands coming from faders or rotary controllers

- MMC_x: machine control events coming from play/stop... buttons on a controller

The Param. (parameter) value to the right of the Event is the identifier of the note/button/controller that is linked to this Action. This parameter can be entered manually, or automatically by using the Midi learn function (see Section 3.3).

### Note

You can also activate the Midi learn function by Shift-clicking most of the gui elements. A 'Waiting for Midi input...' popup informs you that Hydrogen is now waiting for you to press a key or turn/move a controller.

If you Shift-click on a gui element that does not support Midi automation a popup will inform you.

### 10.2. Midi Actions

Next is a list of the available Actions: an Action describes what Hydrogen should do when a specific Midi Event is detected.

### Note

** Some of the Midi Actions require that the Action Parameter is configured. The Parameter usually references a specific channel, instrument, FXsend... Keep in mind that the Parameter value is zero-based. So if you want to reference channel 1 you have to enter '0' in the Parameter field (1 for channel 2, 2 for channel 3 ...)

- PLAY : start playback

- PLAY/STOP_TOGGLE : toggles between PLAY and STOP. Execute this action will start playback, execute it again and playback will stop + the playhead will return to the start of the song

- PLAY/PAUSE_TOGGLE : toggles between PLAY and PAUSE. (the playhead will not return to the start of the song, but will stay at its current position)

- STOP : stops playback and returns to the start of the song

- PAUSE : pauses the song

- MUTE : mutes the the Master output (sequencer keeps running)

- UNMUTE : unmutes the Master output (sequencer keeps running)

- MUTE_TOGGLE : toggles between MUTE and UNMUTE (sequencer keeps running)

- NEXT_BAR : jumps to the next bar in the song

- PREVIOUS_BAR : jumps to the previous bar in the song

- BPM_INCR : increments the tempo of the song

- BPM_DECR : decrements the tempo of the song

- BPM_CC_RELATIVE : changes the tempo relative to the current tempo, using a controller

- MASTER_VOLUME_RELATIVE : changes the Master output volume, relative to the current setting (e.g. if you are using rotary encoders)

- MASTER_VOLUME_ABSOLUTE : changes the Master output volume to the absolute value of the midi control (use with midi fader or pot)

- STRIP_VOLUME_RELATIVE : see MASTER_VOLUME_RELATIVE, but applies to the channel strip defined in the Action Parameter **

- STRIP_VOLUME_ABSOLUTE : see MASTER_VOLUME_ABSOLUTE, but applies to the channel strip defined in the Action Parameter **

- EFFECTx_LEVEL_RELATIVE : changes the volume level of effect 'x'; the value you enter in the Action Parameter determines the channel strip this action applies to **

- SELECT_NEXT_PATTERN : selects the pattern that is defined in the Action Parameter **

- SELECT_AND_PLAY_NEXT_PATTERN : combines the SELECT_NEXT_PATTERN with PLAY

- PAN_RELATIVE : changes the panorama setting, relative to the current value; the value you enter in the Action Parameter determines the channel strip this action applies to **

- PAN_ABSOLUTE : changes the panorama setting to the absolute value that the linked controller sends to Hydrogen

- BEATCOUNTER : sets the tempo (see Section 4.1

- TAP_TEMPO : sets the tempo (see Section 4.1

- SELECT_INSTRUMENT : selects one of the instruments in the drumkit

[1] The attack, decay, and release parameters are all set by the number of audio samples. This means that the time changes depending on the sample rate of your sound card. The max time for each of them is 100,000 audio samples (typ. 2.27 sec at 44.1 kHz).

# Chapitre 3. A new song

## 1. "Song" mode and "Pattern" mode

This section is a quick-and-dirty walkthrough to Hydrogen. Refer to the tutorial for a more detailed overview.

Hydrogen has 2 main modes: "Pattern" mode and "Song" mode (refer to Section 4 for the buttons that activate each mode). When "Pattern" mode is activated the current pattern is continuously repeated. This mode is very well suited to tweak your pattern until it's just right, since the pattern you are working on is constantly repeated. This way you can immediately hear the changes you have made. In "Song" mode the whole song is played. This is useful when putting together the patterns to create the structure of the song.

## 2. A new pattern

We'll start from the empty song with an empty pattern created when Hydrogen starts up: "pattern" mode should be selected by default. Now let's click on the « Play »button, and while the pattern is playing let's add notes by left_mouse_clicking in the grid of the Song Editor (Figure 3.1). Adjust the grid resolution and BPM speed if needed. Remember some constraints of the grid: if you are working with a resolution of 16 you can't go back to 8 and remove a 16th note; same thing happens if you are working with a resolution of 8 and you try to insert a note in the middle of two bars (looking for a 16 bars precision): they will be placed on the previous or on the following 8th bar (unless you choose « off » from the Grid Resolution LCD in which case you're free to place notes wherever you prefer). Be sure to select the correct pattern in the Song Editor before adding notes in the Pattern Editor!

Figure 3.1. The Pattern Editor

## 3. A new sequence

Once patterns are created (Figure 3.2), we can copy/paste/delete them using the Select Mode (see Section 5.1).

Figure 3.2. Inserting Notes in a Pattern

## 4. Adjust from the mixer

Of course we can always use the mixer window, either when creating or playing patterns.

The Mixer frame (Figure 3.3) is made of 32 independent tracks, each of these is bound to an instrument, plus a "Master Output" control and a "FX" button to show and hide the effects panel. Every line features 3 buttons ( ), pan adjust ( ), current maximum peak, volume fader and name of the track. Clicking on will play the selected instrument, cutting the others. The "Mute" button , simply mute that instrument. The maximum peak indicates the maximum volume reached from the instrument. The peak must be in a range of 0.0 and 1.0 (in Figure 3.3 you can see a few volumes too loud). Peaks outside that range will get distorted (especially with OSS audio driver). Keep an eye on each vu-meter and if distortion appears, turn the volume down for that instrument.

Figure 3.3. Le Mixeur

# Chapitre 4. Shortcut lists

- [CTRL + N] = New Project

- [CTRL + O] = Open File

- [CTRL + D] = Open Demo

- [CTRL + S] = Save File

- [CTRL + SHIFT + S] = Save File as

- [CTRL + P] = Export Pattern as

- [CTRL + M] = Export MIDI file

- [CTRL + E] = Export Song

- [CTRL + Q] = Quit Hydrogen

- [ALT + D] = Show Director window

- [ALT + M] = Show Mixer window

- [ALT + I] = Show Instrument rack

- [ALT + P] = Show Preferences window

- [CTRL + ?] = Show manual

- [Backspace] = Restart song or pattern from the beginning

- [spacebar] = Play / Pause

- [,] (comma key) = Beatcounter

- [\] (backslash) = Tap tempo

- [+] and [-] = Tempo up / down

- [F9] = Jump back to previous bar in the song

- [F10] = Jump to the next bar in the song

- [F12] = Panic button (stops the song and mutes all playing sounds)

# Glossary

This is a glossary of general terms encountered when using Hydrogen, synthesizers, drums, or samplers. The definitions here provide more detail and explanation than the simplified ones in the text. For example, the text of the manual would have you believe that an ADSR is the only kind of envelope generator and could only ever control the volume. While the simplified definitions help new users start using Hydrogen quickly, they can lack the nuances presented here.

ADSR

  A type of envelope generator that allows you to control the Attack, Decay, Sustain, and Release parameters. Generally, the parameters are proportional to the velocity.

  In Hydrogen, the ADSR envelope generator only controls the volume (attenuation).

  Read more about this in the Wikipedia Article ADSR Envelope

  Voir aussi Envelope Generator, Attack, Decay, Sustain, Release.

Attack

  This is the first phase of an ADSR envelope, and is the amount of time to turn the parameter up from 0 to full velocity after triggering the note.

  Voir aussi ADSR.

Attenuation

  In filters and mixers, this the amount that a signal is reduced (volume).

  Voir aussi Roll-off.

Band-Pass Filter

  A filter that preserves a certain band of frequencies, and attenuates (silences) all others. This is often done by combining a high-pass and a low-pass filter.

  Voir aussi Filter, High-Pass Filter, Low-Pass Filter.

Clipping

  A phenomenon that happens to a signal when the signal is too large for whatever is receiving it. The peaks of the signal (which are normally smooth curves) get cut off straight at the max volume (clipped). This distorts the sound and is usually undesirable.

  An example of clipping is when you play music louder than your speaker can handle. Parts of the music sound harsh and fuzzy.

Cutoff Frequency

  On high-pass and low-pass filters, this is the frequency that divides between those that pass, and those that are attenuated (silenced). In a high-pass resonance filter, or a low-pass resonance filter, the cutoff is also the frequency zone that gets boosted.

  For example, if you have a low-pass filter and you set the cutoff frequency high (i.e. 20kHz)... the filter will not affect the sound. All the audible frequencies will pass through undisturbed. As you lower the cutoff frequency to something like 40 Hz (the low string on a bass guitar), it sounds like someone is putting a blanket over the speaker. The higher frequencies are being attenuated above 30 Hz.

  Voir aussi Filter, High-Pass Filter, Low-Pass Filter, Resonance Filter.

Decay

  After reaching full velocity from the attack, this is the amount of time to turn the parameter down from full velocity to the sustain level.

  Voir aussi ADSR.

DC-offsety

  DC offset, or DC coefficient is the mean value of the wavefor.m

  DC offset is usually undesirable. For example, in audio processing, a sound that has DC offset will not be at its loudest possible volume when normalized (because the offset consumes headroom), and this problem can possibly extend to the mix as a whole, since a sound with DC offset and a sound without DC offset will have DC offset when mixed. It may also cause other artifacts depending on what is being done with the signal.

Envelope Generator

  A way to control (change) a parameter over time as a response to triggering, holding, and releasing a note.

  Did your eyes just glaze over? Let's try again:

  Imagine that you're playing a note on the keyboard and you have your other hand on a knob (volume, filter cutoff, etc.). As you play the note, you twist the knob (often up, then down... or down, then up). You do the same thing on each note. That's what an envelope generator does. See also ADSR

Fader

  A slider control used to adjust the attenuation (volume) in a mixer. Faders always have an "audio" taper, which means that the attenuation amount changes on an exponential scale.

Filter

  A device that changes a sound by attenuating specific frequencies. A tone knob is an example of a simple, low-pass filter.

  Voir aussi Band-Pass Filter, High-Pass Filter, Low-Pass Filter, Resonance Filter.

Gain

  In an amplifier, this adjust how much (or how little) a signal is amplified (volume). A higher gain value is a louder signal.

High-Pass Filter

  A filter that attenuates (silences) low frequencies, but allows high frequencies to pass through.

  Voir aussi Filter, Cutoff Frequency.

Instrument

  In Hydrogen, an instrument is a single noise-maker (like a bass drum kick, or a tom).

Layer

  In an instrument you can load several different samples (each one called a layer), and have a different sample play depending on the velocity of the note. Only one sample at a time will play.

  Suppose you have a sample of a floor tom being struck softly. If you simply play the sample louder — it will not sound the same as a real tom that has been struck very hard. If you wish to mimic this in your instrument, you can load one sample for soft playing, and a different sample for loud playing.

  Voir aussi Instrument.

Low-Pass Filter

  A filter that attenuates (silences) high frequencies, but allows low frequencies to pass through.

  Voir aussi Filter, Cutoff Frequency.

Mute

  To make no noise. A setting on an instrument that prevents any audio output.

Mute Group

  A group of instruments (samples) that should mute (stop playing) immediately after another instrument in the group is triggered.

  This is typically used in hi-hats, where there's a different instrument (sample) for when the hi-hat is open or closed. With a real hi-hat, the sound of the open hi-hat will stop as soon as you close it. However, if you use two samples — the open sound will continue even after you have triggered the closed sound. By placing both instruments in the same mute group (group #1, for example)... triggering closed sound will immediately stop the open sound (and vice versa).

Octave

  A span of frequencies where the top-most frequency is exactly twice the frequency of the bottom frequency.

  For example, the range 20 Hz to 40 Hz is an octave. So is 120 Hz to 240 Hz, and 575 Hz to 1150 Hz. While the frequency differences are very different (20 Hz, 120 Hz, and 575 Hz, respectively), to the human ear they sound like the same distance.

Release

  After the note is released, this is the amount of time to reduce the parameter from the sustain level to 0.

  Voir aussi ADSR.

Resonance

  When referring to a resonance filter, this is the parameter that determines how much of a boost (gain) to give the frequencies at the cutoff.

  Voir aussi Resonance Filter.

Resonance Filter

  A filter that gives a large boost to a very narrow range of frequencies. Typically it will be part of a high-pass or a low-pass filter, where the boosted frequencies are centered on the cut-off frequency.

  Voir aussi Filter, Cutoff Frequency, Resonance.

Roll-off

  This is the amount that frequencies are attenuated (suppressed) as the frequency changes (typically measured in dB/octave).

  For example, in a low-pass filter the frequencies below the cutoff frequency are not attenuated (they pass-through with the same volume). Same with the cutoff frequency. As you go above the cutoff frequency, the frequencies that are near the cutoff frequency are not attenuated very much at all. However, the frequencies that are much higher than the cutoff are attenuated (suppressed) a lot. This is usually approximated by a straight line (on a log scale) and measured in in dB of attenuation per octave of frequency.

  Voir aussi Attenuation, Filter.

Sample

  A short recording of a sound, typically between .1 and 3.0 seconds long.

Sustain

  The level to hold the parameter after finishing the decay time. This level will be maintained until the not is released.

  Voir aussi ADSR.

Velocity

  How hard you hit a note.

  MIDI devices are required to send this information along with the note. Synthesizers use this information to adjust several parameters on the sample (typically the volume). In Hydrogen, it is only used to adjust how loud the sample is played back.